[Congressional Bills 107th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 4114 Introduced in House (IH)]
107th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. R. 4114
To increase the United States financial and programmatic contributions
to advancing the status of women and girls in low-income countries
around the world, and for other purposes.
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
April 9, 2002
Mrs. Morella (for herself and Mrs. Lowey) introduced the following
bill; which was referred to the Committee on International Relations,
and in addition to the Committees on Ways and Means, and Financial
Services, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in
each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the
jurisdiction of the committee concerned
_______________________________________________________________________
A BILL
To increase the United States financial and programmatic contributions
to advancing the status of women and girls in low-income countries
around the world, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS; FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS OF
POLICY; GENERAL PROVISIONS.
(a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Global Action and
Investments for New Success for Women and Girls Act of 2002'' or
``GAINS for Women and Girls Act of 2002''.
(b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as
follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents; findings and declarations of
policy; general provisions.
TITLE I--INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND WOMEN
Sec. 101. Findings.
Sec. 102. Requirement to integrate women into United States
international assistance programs.
Sec. 103. Annual report.
Sec. 104. Provisions relating to the Office of Women in Development
(WID).
Sec. 105. Establishment of a supplemental fund for women in development
activities.
Sec. 106. United States contribution to the United Nations Development
Fund for Women (UNIFEM).
Sec. 107. Coordinating council to promote the advancement of women and
girls.
TITLE II--POVERTY REDUCTION AND WOMEN'S ECONOMIC EQUALITY
Sec. 201. Reducing women's poverty in developing countries.
Sec. 202. Supporting women's businesses through access to resources and
financial markets.
Sec. 203. Improving the terms and conditions of women's work.
Sec. 204. Reviewing the impacts of trade liberalization on women and
their communities.
TITLE III--QUALITY EDUCATION FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
Sec. 301. Findings.
Sec. 302. Amendment to Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.
TITLE IV--LIFELONG HEALTH FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Sec. 401. Health of children.
Sec. 402. Family planning and reproductive health and rights.
Sec. 403. Maternal health programs.
Sec. 404. Preventing and treating HIV/AIDS.
Sec. 405. Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.
Sec. 406. Addressing female genital mutilation.
TITLE V--WOMEN, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY
Sec. 501. Findings.
Sec. 502. Programs to assist women farmers.
Sec. 503. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
TITLE VI--HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRLS
Sec. 601. Strengthening the human rights of women and girls.
Sec. 602. Prevention of trafficking in women and children.
Sec. 603. Access for Afghan Women Act of 2002.
Sec. 604. Ratification of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women.
TITLE VII--VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Sec. 701. Findings.
Sec. 702. United States international programs to prevent violence
against women and girls.
Sec. 703. Report.
TITLE VIII--WOMEN, CONFLICTS, AND PEACE BUILDING
Sec. 801. Findings.
Sec. 802. United States international programs.
Sec. 803. Ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on
the Rights of the Child on the Involvement
of Children in Armed Conflict.
TITLE IX--WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP AND PARTICIPATION
Sec. 901. Findings.
Sec. 902. United States international programs to increase women's
leadership and participation.
Sec. 903. United States International Fund for Women's Leadership.
Sec. 904. International Museum of Women.
TITLE X--WOMEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Sec. 1001. Findings.
Sec. 1002. United States international environmental programs.
Sec. 1003. Negotiations of environmental treaties and protocols.
Sec. 1004. Ratification of the United Nations Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants.
Sec. 1005. Global Environment Facility.
TITLE XI--AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
Sec. 1101. Authorization of appropriations.
(c) Findings and Declarations of Policy.--Congress makes the
following findings and declarations of policy:
(1) Economic globalization is not reaching most of the
world's poorest women, girls, and communities. United States
international economic policies, particularly in the areas of
business development, multilateral development banks, trade
liberalization and debt relief for developing countries, should
help create a positive environment for women's economic
empowerment and equality between women and men.
(2) As the complexity of the global economy increases, so
too does the important role of women. Women comprise
approximately 75 percent of workers in the ``shadow'', or
informal economy, and constitute an ever-greater share of the
workforce in developing countries.
(3) Many studies have proven that international development
investments in women and girls bring the greatest gains for
economic growth and national development. When women increase
their incomes they directly invest this additional capital in
the education, health, and welfare of their children, breaking
the cycle of poverty.
(4) The United States must substantially increase the
amount of attention and resources it contributes to implement
commitments made at the United Nations Fourth World Conference
on Women in 1995 and at the United Nations Special Assembly
Session on Women in 2000 in its foreign policy, development
assistance programs, and international economic policies.
(5) Just as women's lives cannot be compartmentalized, no
one sectoral intervention is sufficient to create the
environment in which women and girls can thrive economically
and socially. Investments are necessary in many mutually
supporting areas, including consideration for the different
roles of women and men in all United States international
policies and programs, economic development and poverty
reduction activities for women, education and training,
comprehensive health care, agricultural development, protection
of women's human rights, violence prevention, leadership
development, assistance to women in conflict situations, and
environmental protection.
(d) General Provisions.--All programs, projects, activities, or
actions contained in this Act, or any amendment made by this Act, shall
comply with the following requirements:
(1) Collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data for
all program development, implementation, evaluation, and
reporting activities.
(2) Extensive consultation with in-country organizations
that work with target populations and directly with target
populations before project design begins and throughout the
project cycle.
(3) Coordination and delivery of assistance through
locally-based nongovernmental organizations together with
financial and technical support to build the capacity of these
organizations to deliver effective programming.
(4) Coordination of activities with other bilateral,
multilateral, nongovernmental, and private sector donors active
in the relevant sector and country.
TITLE I--INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND WOMEN
SEC. 101. FINDINGS.
Congress finds the following:
(1) The most effective use of the United States development
dollar is an investment in women and girls. Numerous studies
show that programs to advance the health, education, economic
opportunity, and social status of women directly lead to
accelerated economic growth for developing and transitional
country economies.
(2) Development programs and projects that take into
account the different cultural roles of women and men during
the design, implementation, and evaluation phases show far
better results than programs or projects that do not consider
these roles.
(3) For nearly 3 decades, the United States has been a
leader in creating and supporting bilateral and multilateral
women in development policies and programs. In 1974, the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID) established
the Office of Women in Development (WID). This Office has
served as a focal point for increasing the effectiveness of
United States development efforts by taking gender issues into
account throughout all phases of development planning,
implementation, and evaluation.
(4) Women's equality is a core development issue that
enhances United States global interests. Comprehensive policies
and programs of the Office of Women in Development reflect the
reality that women around the world play critical roles in
economic growth and development, and their contributions
reverberate from the global economy all the way down to the
poorest households.
SEC. 102. REQUIREMENT TO INTEGRATE WOMEN INTO U.S. INTERNATIONAL
ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS.
(a) Part II of Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.--Section 113(a) of
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151k(a)) is amended by
inserting after ``this part'' the following: ``and part II of this Act
(including chapter 4 of such part)''.
(b) Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989.--
(1) In general.--The Support for East European Democracy
(SEED) Act of 1989 (22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.) is amended by
inserting after section 3 the following:
``SEC. 4. INTEGRATING WOMEN INTO NATIONAL ECONOMIES.
``In recognition of the fact that women in developing countries
play a significant role in economic production, family support, and the
overall development process of the national economies of such
countries, this Act shall be administered so as to give particular
attention to those programs, projects, and activities which integrate
women into the national economies of developing countries, thus
improving their status and assisting the total development effort.''.
(2) Conforming amendment.--The table of contents of such
Act (22 U.S.C. 5401(a) note) is amended by inserting after the
item relating to section 3 the following:
Sec. 4. Integrating women into national economies.
(c) Public Law 480.--The Agricultural Trade Development and
Assistance Act of 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.) is amended by inserting
after section 3 the following:
``SEC. 4. INTEGRATING WOMEN INTO NATIONAL ECONOMIES.
``In recognition of the fact that women in developing countries
play a significant role in economic production, family support, and the
overall development process of the national economies of such
countries, this Act shall be administered so as to give particular
attention to those programs, projects, and activities which integrate
women into the national economies of developing countries, thus
improving their status and assisting the total development effort.''.
SEC. 103. ANNUAL REPORT.
The Administrator of the United States Agency for International
Development shall prepare and submit to the Congress an annual report
on the extent to which the requirements contained in section 113(a) of
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, section 4 of the Support for East
European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989, and section 4 of the
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (each as
added by section 102 of this Act) are being carried out.
SEC. 104. PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE OFFICE OF WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT
(WID).
Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act,
the Administrator of the United States Agency for International
Development shall carry out the following:
(1) Appoint a head of the Office of Women in Development at
the Deputy Assistant Administrator level or higher.
(2) Establish a working group within the Office consisting
of Deputy Assistant Administrators of the Agency. Members of
the working group shall meet on a routine basis to monitor and
assist with the ongoing implementation of and compliance with
gender integration policies and programs of the Agency and with
all provisions contained in title I of this Act.
SEC. 105. ESTABLISHMENT OF A SUPPLEMENTAL FUND FOR WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT
ACTIVITIES.
The Administrator of the United States Agency for International
Development shall establish a supplemental fund within the Office of
Women in Development at the Agency to provide matching funds to
missions of the Agency or to specific projects for the purposes of
incorporating the different roles of women and men into program design,
implementation, and evaluation and to implement activities to promote
the advancement of women and girls. Matching funds shall be granted
with the approval of the Deputy Assistant Administrator for Women in
Development.
SEC. 106. UNITED STATES CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT
FUND FOR WOMEN (UNIFEM).
The President is authorized to make a voluntary contribution on a
grant basis to the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).
SEC. 107. COORDINATING COUNCIL TO PROMOTE THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN AND
GIRLS.
(a) Establishment.--The President is authorized to establish a
coordinating council to promote the advancement of women and girls in
the programs and policies of all Federal agencies and departments and
for providing a means for nongovernmental organizations to work in
partnership with the Federal government on areas of mutual concern.
(b) Composition.--The council shall be comprised of representatives
of each Federal agency or department at the Deputy Assistant Secretary
or Deputy Assistant Administrator level or higher and chaired by a
Cabinet-level Secretary.
(c) Location and Staffing.--It is the sense of Congress that--
(1) the council should be placed within the Office of the
President;
(2) the full-time staff director of the council should be a
high-level appointee who has credibility both within the United
States Government and within the community of women's and
nongovernmental organizations; and
(3) should be supported by sufficient staff and resources
to carry out this section.
TITLE II--POVERTY REDUCTION AND WOMEN'S ECONOMIC EQUALITY
SEC. 201. REDUCING WOMEN'S POVERTY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
(a) Findings and Declarations of Policy.--Congress makes the
following findings and declarations of policy:
(1) More than 1,000,000,000 people in the world today, the
great majority of whom are women, live in unacceptable
conditions of poverty, mostly in developing nations. Poverty is
a complex, multidimensional problem, with origins in both the
national and international domains.
(2) Income inequality is growing in many countries around
the world. Gaps between rich and poor men and rich and poor
women have also widened.
(3) The globalization of the world's economy and the
deepening interdependence among nations present challenges and
opportunities for sustained economic growth and poverty
elimination.
(4) The international community has reached consensus on a
set of goals to promote human development in the 21st century.
The United States must now act on these goals and fulfill its
commitments by increasing its official development assistance
contribution from 0.03 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
to 0.07 percent of GDP.
(5) The availability of basic services such as education,
health care, and water are crucial for the survival of poor
women and their families and important prerequisites for
assisting women in leaving poverty behind.
(6) While the intentions behind the privatization of
education, health care, and water may be fiscally sound,
privatization can close access for the poor to these essential
services if it is not implemented with specific safeguards,
monitoring, and accountability mechanisms designed to protect
the poor.
(b) Development of Poverty Indicators.--
(1) Support for united nations.--The Secretary of Commerce,
acting through the Bureau of the Census, and the Secretary of
Labor, acting through the Bureau of Labor Statistics, shall
provide financial, human resource, and other programmatic
support to the United Nations Development Program and the
United Nation's Statistical Office to work in collaboration
with the World Bank to develop and agree upon standardized
measurements of women's relative and absolute poverty.
(2) Support for developing countries.--The Secretary of
Commerce, acting through the Bureau of the Census, and the
Secretary of Labor, acting through the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, shall provide financial support and training to
statistical agencies within developing countries to help build
the capacity of these countries to collect, analyze, and use
gender-disaggregated poverty indicators for policy-making,
economic and social program development, and service delivery.
(c) Monitoring and Accountability for Reducing Women's Poverty by
Half by 2015.--
(1) In general.--Of the amount made available from the
supplemental fund pursuant to section 105 of this Act for a
fiscal year, the Administrator of the United States Agency for
International Development is authorized to use up to $1,000,000
of such amount to establish baseline data and monitor progress
toward the goal of reducing the poverty of women by half by
2015.
(2) Reports.--The Administrator shall, as part of the
annual congressional presentation documents of the Agency,
submit to Congress a report that contains a description of the
progress toward the goal referred to in paragraph (1), including a
description of not only the relevant activities implemented, but also
on the overall impact on reduction of indicators of women's poverty as
developed and agreed upon pursuant to subsection (b)(1).
(d) Removing Legal and Structural Barriers to Reducing Women's
Poverty.--
(1) In general.--The Administrator of the United States
Agency for International Development, working closely with the
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Women in Development, shall
conduct an analysis of legal and structural barriers to
reducing women's poverty in developing countries in which the
Agency is conducting programs. Such barriers, for example, may
include laws that bar or discourage women's ownership of assets
such as land, property, financial resources, and other related
barriers.
(2) New activities.--Based on the results of the analysis
under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall institute new
activities to assist developing countries in removing barriers
referred to in paragraph (1).
(3) Funding.--Of the amount made available from the
supplemental fund pursuant to section 105 of this Act for a
fiscal year, the Administrator is authorized to use up to
$1,000,000 of such amount to carry out this subsection.
(e) Development of Social Insurance Programs in Developing and
Transitional Countries.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of the Treasury shall
encourage governments of developing and transitional economy
countries to develop and implement social insurance programs as
part of their poverty alleviation and national development
strategies. At a minimum, the Secretary shall ensure that
actions and policies of the Department of the Treasury do not
hinder the abilities of such governments to provide social
insurance programs for their citizens, pursue national
employment goals, and implement programs to stimulate demand
for labor.
(2) Multilateral development banks.--The Secretary of the
Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director to
each multilateral development bank to use the voice, vote, and
influence of the United States--
(A) to vote against any loan or project that will
negatively impact the ability of a government of a
developing or transitional economy country to provide
social insurance programs for its citizens, pursue
national employment goals, or implement programs to
stimulate demand for labor; and
(B) to vote against any loan or project in
countries receiving loans from the International
Development Association or participating in the program
for heavily indebted poor countries that includes user
fees or other cost recovery mechanisms that do not
include safeguards to ensure that such fees do not
adversely impact the poor or reduce access to basic
services such as health care, education, water, and
electricity.
(f) Utilizing Debt Relief Programs to Reduce Women's Poverty.--
(1) Report.--Not later than 90 days after the date of the
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of the Treasury shall
submit to Congress a report on debt relief programs led by, or
coordinated with, international financial institutions,
including the extent to which poor countries and the poorest of
the poor, especially women and girls, benefit from debt relief,
including measurable evidence of any such benefits.
(2) Additional requirement.--The Secretary of the Treasury
shall instruct the United States Executive Directors at the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the
International Monetary Fund to use the voice, vote, and
influence of the United States to ensure that the savings from
debt cancellation are used for poverty reduction programs in a
process that is fair and transparent, and that includes the
participation of national governments, parliamentary bodies,
nongovernmental organizations, including women's organizations,
and other civil society institutions.
(g) Definitions.--In this section:
(1) International financial institution.--The term
``international financial institution'' means the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International
Development Association, the International Finance Corporation,
the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, the International
Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, the African
Development Bank, the African Development Fund, the Inter-
American Investment Corporation, the Inter-American Development
Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
(2) Social insurance programs.--The term ``social insurance
programs'' means all forms of public insurance that mitigate
against declines in income or against a particular risk, such
as unemployment, disability, or old age.
(3) User fees.--The term ``user fees'' means fees applied
to services or utilities designed to recover full or partial
costs of services.
SEC. 202. SUPPORTING WOMEN'S BUSINESSES THROUGH ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND
FINANCIAL MARKETS
(a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Many poor entrepreneurs are trapped in poverty because
they cannot obtain credit at reasonable rates to expand their
otherwise viable self-employment activities. Women in
particular have difficultly accessing credit because many
countries bar women from legally owning assets that they can
offer as collateral.
(2) Microenterprise plays a vital role in the efforts of
the United States to lead the development of a new global
financial architecture. Recent shocks to international
financial markets demonstrate how the financial sector can shape
national development and impact poverty. Microfinance is also a
powerful tool for building a more inclusive financial sector serving
the broad majority of the world's population, including poor women,
generating social stability and prosperity.
(3) Beyond microenterprise, women are generating the most
growth in the small- and medium-sized business sector in
developing and transitional economies. Around the world,
women's small- and medium-sized businesses represent one-
quarter to one-third of all businesses. New jobs generated
through this sector can play an important role in providing
gainful, safe, and dignified employment to the poor.
(4) Information technology is an important tool for
furthering women's economic advancement. For example,
information technology can help women gain market information
in order to sell their goods at a fair price and to expand
their market participation. In many developing countries less
than 1 percent of the population has access to information
technology--either male or female. High rates of illiteracy
among poor women represent a major barrier to women's use of
information technology.
(b) Amendments to Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.--
(1) Micro- and small enterprise development credits.--
Section 108 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is amended--
(A) in subsection (b)(3), by inserting after
``training programs for microentrepreneurs'' the
following: ``, with an emphasis on women,''; and
(B) by adding at the end the following:
``(g) Reporting Requirement.--The Administrator of the United
States Agency for International Development shall, as part of the
annual congressional presentation documents of the Agency, submit to
Congress a report that contains--
``(1) indicators on the number of women living below the
national poverty line that have secured loans or received
training through the programs described in this Act; and
``(2) the percentage of women borrowers in programs funded
by the Agency, the percentage of total loan funds received by
women borrowers, and the impact of such loans on the economic
status of such women.''.
(2) Microenterprise development grant assistance.--Section
131 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is amended--
(A) in subsection (b)(1)(D), by inserting at the
end before the period the following: ``, including
programs to eliminate legal and institutional barriers
to women's ownership of assets, access to credit, and
engagement in business activities within or outside of
the home'';
(B) in subsection (b)(2)(C), by inserting at the
end before the period the following: ``, including
women's organizations'';
(C) in subsection (b)(3), in the first sentence, by
striking ``as established by the national government of
the country''; and
(D) in subsection (c), by adding at the end the
following: ``All goals, reports, analyses and
recommendations required by this section shall be
disaggregated by sex.''.
(c) Support for Women's Small- and Medium-Sized Businesses.--
(1) USAID.--The Administrator of the United States Agency
for International Development, working closely with the Deputy
Assistant Administrator for Women in Development, shall
incorporate the following activities into existing and future
programs of the Agency to promote small businesses and medium-
sized businesses in developing countries:
(A) Work with developing country governments to
enhance or create laws, regulations, and other
practices that promote the growth of banking and
financial services for small businesses and medium-
sized businesses, and to eliminate or reduce regulatory
barriers that may exist in this regard. In particular,
promote specific policy or regulatory measures that
increase access to these services for women-owned small
businesses and medium-sized businesses.
(B) Strongly encourage developing country
governments to reduce corruption at the national,
regional, and local levels, which women's businesses
report as one of the leading barriers to their growth.
(C) Promote access to information technology (IT)
with training in IT for women-owned small businesses
and medium-sized businesses.
(D) Provide training, through local associations of
women-owned businesses and government programs, in
financial and personnel management, international
trade, business planning, marketing, and policy
advocacy.
(E) Provide resources to establish and enhance
local, national, and international networks and
associations of women-owned small businesses and
medium-sized businesses.
(2) Department of commerce.--The Secretary of Commerce
shall encourage United States business participants on trade
missions to developing and transitional countries to meet with
women-owned small businesses and medium-sized businesses in
such countries.
(d) Access to Information Technology (IT) and Training.--The
Administrator of the United States Agency for International
Development, working closely with the Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Women in Development, shall incorporate the following activities
into existing and future information technology programs of the Agency:
(1) Assist and encourage developing countries to include
gender analysis and activities to promote the use of
information technology among women in their national
information technology policies.
(2) Assist developing countries in building infrastructure
in wireless and commercial satellite communications,
particularly for rural and peri-urban areas.
(3) Include the use of information technology in programs
in basic education and literacy training.
(4) Develop programs to increase the number of girls and
women studying information technology-related subjects.
(5) Provide assistance to nongovernmental organizations
working with poor women to deliver information technology
hardware and training to their beneficiaries.
(e) Definitions.--In this title:
(1) Microcredit program.--The term ``microcredit program''
means a program that provides small loans and other financial
services such as savings to very poor microentrepreneurs.
(2) Microenterprise.--The term ``microenterprise'' means a
business with 10 or fewer employees from among individuals who
are poor or disadvantaged.
(3) Small business.--The term ``small business'' means a
business enterprise with approximately 10 to 100 employees.
SEC. 203. IMPROVING THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF WOMEN'S WORK.
(a) Findings and Declarations of Policy.--Congress makes the
following findings and declarations of policy:
(1) Women work for pay in two primary and overlapping
fields of activity--the formal sector (that set of activities
in private or publicly owned enterprise or in the civil service
which conform generally to tax and labor laws and other state
regulations) and the informal sector (that set of economic
activities characterized by relative ease of entry, reliance on
indigenous resources, family ownership, small scale of
operations, labor intensity, and unregulated markets).
(2) Once expected to dwindle with economic growth, the
informal sector today provides the majority of employment in
many developing countries. In Africa, this sector creates 93
percent of new jobs in the economy and as much as 80 percent of
non-agricultural employment is in the informal sector.
(3) Street vending is a global phenomenon. In cities and
towns throughout the world millions of people earn their living
by selling a wide range of goods and services on the streets.
Despite a general belief that street vending recedes as
economies develop and incomes rise, it is actually on the
increase in many places. Street vendors represent a significant
share of the urban informal sector. In many parts of Asia,
Africa, and Latin America women represent a majority of these
vendors.
(4) Home-based work (work carried out by a person (A) in
his or her home or in other premises of his or her own choice,
other than the workplace of the employer, (B) for remuneration,
and (C) which results in a product or service as specified by
the employer, irrespective of who provides the equipment,
materials or other inputs used, unless this person has degree
of autonomy and of economic independence necessary to be
considered an independent worker under national laws,
regulations or court decisions) is growing in developing
countries. Homeworkers are a major part of the workforce in the
garment, leather, footwear, carpet, and electronics industries.
Increasing numbers of homeworkers work in computer-based
services.
(5) Women also spend considerable time in work that is not
paid, such as childcare, cooking, cleaning, sewing, subsistence
agriculture, or contributing to a family enterprise. If the
unpaid invisible work by women were fully taken into account in
labor statistics, their levels of economic activity would
increase from 10 percent to 20 percent. Global estimates
suggest that women's unpaid work produces an output of
$11,000,000,000,000, compared to a global GDP of about
$23,000,000,000,000. Without an adequate assessment of this
unpaid work, it is impossible to measure the transfer of state-
supported or provided services to women's unpaid labor (for
example, health care shifted from public services to in-home
care provided by women) as governments cut or privatize social
services.
(b) Improving Women's Work.--The Administrator of the United States
Agency for International Development, working closely with the Deputy
Assistant Administrator for Women in Development, shall provide
technical assistance to developing countries to design and implement
laws, regulations, and programs to promote child care, access to social
security and unemployment insurance, parental leave, minimum wages,
occupational health and safety, freedom of association and collective
bargaining, and non-discrimination in employment and remuneration.
Technical assistance and programs shall also be provided to eliminate
the use of child or forced labor.
(c) Improving Women's Work in the Formal Sector.--The Board of
Directors of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation and the Board
of Directors of the Export-Import Bank of the United States shall
encourage United States businesses that receive support from the
Corporation or the Bank for activities in developing or transitional
economies to comply with the Social Accountability 8000 voluntary
standards for corporations developed by Social Accountability
International.
(d) Improving Women's Work in the Informal Sector.--
(1) Declaration of support.--Congress expresses its support
for the International Labor Organization Home Work Convention
(177) and urges the Committee on Foreign Relations of the
Senate to hold hearings on the convention and submit the
convention to the full floor of the Senate for a vote on advice
and consent to ratification.
(2) Support by usaid.--The Administrator of the United
States Agency for International Development shall carry out the
following:
(A) Provide support to the United Nations
Statistical Office to develop a framework for the
inclusion of informal sector employment into the System
of National Accounts (SNA) which provides the basic
framework for defining what constitutes production and
economic activity and methods for assessing the value
of production in the economic sectors. Such support
shall include the development of improved guidelines on
how to determine the value of production for the
informal sector in relation to total production.
(B) Provide support to the International Labor
Organization to improve collection of data on the
informal sector in labor force statistics and
coordinate activities with international agencies and
networks such as the United Nations Development
Program's project on ``Engendering Labor Force
Statistics''.
(C) Make use of such improved information in
national income accounts and labor forces statistics
for the formulation of development assistance policies
and programs.
(f) Efforts To Measure Unremunerated Work.--
(1) In general.--The Administrator of the United States
Agency for International Development, in conjunction with the
Secretary of State, shall support, on a financial and
programmatic basis, the efforts of the United Nations
Statistical Office to produce measurements on unremunerated
work and the reporting of this work in satellite accounts. This data
shall be used to monitor and evaluate United States international
poverty reduction programs and in reviewing the impacts of trade
liberalization on women as required by section 204 of this Act.
(2) Definition.--In this subsection, the term ``satellite
accounts'' means accounts that provide measurements of non-
monetized productive activities and are designed to be used in
conjunction with national income product accounts measures, as
established by the United Nations Convention on National
Accounts.
SEC. 204. REVIEWING THE IMPACTS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON WOMEN AND
THEIR COMMUNITIES.
(a) Short Title.--This section may be cited as the ``Women and
International Trade Act of 2001''.
(b) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The various forces of globalization have brought
enormous wealth to some, but have also increased economic
inequality within and between nations.
(2) Trade liberalization can open new employment to women,
while eliminating employment for others. Trade adjustment
assistance is an appropriate and effective tool in assisting
those who are displaced in finding new employment.
(3) Women contribute to and are affected by trade
liberalization as workers, businesswomen, farmers, producers,
and consumers.
(4) United States international trade, social development,
and international development policy should be linked with the
goal of improving women's social and economic status in the
United States and abroad.
(5) Enhancing women's status not only improves individual
lives, but also eliminates market inefficiencies and leads to
greater economic growth and trade.
(c) Availability of United States Market to HIPC Country
Products.--The United States Trade Representative shall take
appropriate steps to open the United States market to products that
countries participating in the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program
have the ability to export, particularly in the agricultural sector.
(d) Advisory Committee for Trade, Gender, and Development Policy.--
(1) Establishment.--The United States Trade Representative,
pursuant to section 135(c)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19
U.S.C. 2155(c)(2), shall establish within the Office of the
United States Trade Representative a Trade, Gender, and
Development Policy Advisory Committee (hereafter in this
section referred to as the ``Advisory Committee'') to provide
policy advice on issues involving trade, gender, and
international development.
(2) Membership.--
(A) Number and appointment.--The Advisory Committee
shall be composed of not more than 35 members,
appointed by the Trade Representative, who shall
include, but not be limited to, representatives from
women's interest groups, private voluntary
organizations, international aid organizations, and
appropriate representatives from Federal departments
and agencies. The membership of the Advisory Committee
shall be broadly representative of key sectors and
groups of the economy with an interest in trade,
gender, and international development policy issues.
(B) Term.--Members of the Advisory Committee shall
be appointed for a term of 2 years and may be
reappointed for additional terms.
(C) Political affiliation.--Members may be
appointed the Advisory Committee without regard to
political affiliation.
(D) Vacancy.--A vacancy in the Advisory Committee
shall be filled in the manner in which the original
appointment was made.
(E) Chairperson.--The Chairperson of the Advisory
Committee shall be designated by the Trade
Representative at the time of appointment.
(3) Designees.--The Trade Representative may request one or
more members of the Advisory Committee to designate a staff-
level representative for discussions of technical issues
related to trade and environmental policy.
(4) Duties.--The Advisory Committee--
(A) shall assess the impact of all current and
future United States bilateral and multilateral trade
agreements on women in accordance with such section;
and
(B) shall make recommendations to the Trade
Representative based upon assessments made pursuant to
subparagraph (A).
(e) Review of United States Trade Agreements.--
(1) Review.--The United States Trade Representative, the
Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services,
the Secretary of State, and the Administrator of the United
States Agency for International Development, in conjunction
with the Advisory Committee for Trade, Gender, and Development
Policy (established under subsection (d)) and interested
nongovernmental organizations, shall carry out a review of--
(A) the impact of each United States bilateral and
multilateral trade agreement on areas important to the
well-being of women, men, and their communities in both
the United States and in developing and transitional
countries that receive assistance from the United
States government, including areas of employment, wages
and earnings, working conditions, occupational health
and safety, access to social services such as education
and health care, access to basic services such as water
and electricity, and other areas as recommended by the
Advisory Committee; and
(B) the coherence between United States goals for
sustainable economic, environmental, and social
development and United States trade policies carried
out by the Office of the United States Trade
Representative, including the extent to which issues
relating to gender are integrated into United States
negotiation positions relating to trade agreements.
(2) Reports.--
(A) For future trade agreements.--Not later than 90
days after the date on which the United States Trade
Representative submits formal proposals for negotiation
with other parties to a trade agreement, the
individuals and entities referred to in paragraph (1)
shall prepare and submit to Congress a report that
contains--
(i) the results of the review conducted
pursuant to paragraph (1) with respect to the
trade agreement under negotiation; and
(ii) recommendations for changes in United
States trade negotiating proposals, trade
adjustment assistance programs in the United
States, and international development
assistance programs to ensure that women in
particular can take advantage of new
opportunities created by United States trade
agreements and to respond to the needs of
persons who may be adversely affected.
(B) Current trade agreements.--Not later than 1
year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the
individuals and entities referred to in paragraph (1)
shall prepare and submit to Congress a report that
contains--
(i) the results of the review conducted
pursuant to subsection (a) with respect to
trade agreements in effect as of the date of
the enactment of this Act; and
(ii) recommendations for changes in United
States trade negotiating proposals, trade
adjustment assistance programs in the United
States, and international development
assistance programs to ensure that women in
particular can take advantage of new
opportunities created by United States trade
agreements and to respond to the needs of
persons who may be adversely affected.
TITLE III--QUALITY EDUCATION FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
SEC. 301. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Investing in girls' education is one of the most
effective means of promoting economic growth and poverty
reduction. Educating girls has a significant impact on long-
term development objectives, and has been proven to result in
reduced family size, reduced rates of infant and maternal
mortality, increased wages, improved family health, and
improved educational status for the next generation.
(2) Girls account for two-thirds of the 125,000,000
children not in primary schools and millions of girls suffer in
poor learning environments that enforce gender stereotypes.
Girls are less likely to complete school than are boys and the
mean achievement level of girls is 40 percent lower than that
of boys.
(3) Countries affected by HIV/AIDS have lost a large
proportion of primary and secondary school teachers. Training
of new teachers is a critical need in order to maintain and
increase primary school enrollment and completion.
(4) Access to education is the most critical prerequisite
to the participation of women and girls in the global economy.
United States investments in education and training in the new
century must provide the required skills for an increasingly
knowledge-intensive and global economy. In particular, women
and girls need access to and skills in information
technologies.
SEC. 302. AMENDMENT TO FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1961.
Section 105 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151c)
is amended by adding at the end the following:
``(c)(1) Congress reaffirms the goals established by the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United
Nations of achieving global gender equity in education by 2005 and
achieving universal access to basic education by 2015.
``(2) Assistance provided under this section shall be used to
support activities that promote gender equity and increased access to
quality education for girls and women in developing and transitional
countries. Such activities may include, but are not limited to--
``(A) support for policy reform, such as encouraging
governments to locate schools closer to communities, provide
appropriate facilities for girls, reduce the cost of schooling,
and recruit female teachers;
``(B) assistance to mobilize communities to promote girls'
education and participate in decision-making relating to
schooling;
``(C) training of teachers, including training in gender-
equitable teaching methods;
``(D) support for the development of curriculum free from
gender bias;
``(E) literacy programs for adult women;
``(F) support for increased access of women and girls to
information technologies and training;
``(G) projects to increase women's participation in
secondary, technical, and higher education; and
``(H) assessment of the risks of school-based violence and
incorporation of specific measures to prevent such violence and
to ensure prosecution of individuals responsible for such
violence.''.
TITLE IV--LIFELONG HEALTH FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
SEC. 401. HEALTH OF CHILDREN.
(a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Health-related discrimination against girls and women
occurs throughout their life-span. It includes prenatal sex
selection, female infanticide, and preference for sons with
respect to nutrition and medical care.
(2) Girls are also subject to harmful traditional practices
such as violence and female genital mutilation. Physical,
sexual, and psychological abuse that is present in all cultures
and countries affects far more girls than boys.
(3) Poverty and war together have led to severe health
consequences for children. More than 10,000,000 children will
die before their fifth birthday of preventable causes in
developing countries, including pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria,
malnutrition, and measles. These diseases kill a child every 5
seconds.
(4) With additional resources, it is estimated that
15,000,000 additional children could be saved by 2010 through
increased child immunization rates.
(5) Child labor, increasing in the global economy, has also
directly affected the health of children. According to the
International Labor Organization (ILO), approximately
250,000,000 children between the ages of 5 and 14 work in
developing countries and some 50,000,000 to 60,000,000
children between the ages of 5 and 11 work in hazardous circumstances.
Two-thirds of these children are girls.
(b) Child Survival Programs.--
(1) In general.--The Administrator of the United States
Agency for International Development shall establish and carry
out programs to provide child survival assistance to
individuals in need in developing countries.
(2) Program activities.--Programs established pursuant to
paragraph (1) shall include the following activities:
(A) Programs to end discrimination against girls
with respect to access to nutrition and health care,
including access by children under the age of 5 to
essential nutrients, such as vitamin A, diagnosing,
treating, and preventing the most common life-
threatening childhood diseases, such as malaria,
measles, diarrhea and pneumonia, reducing hunger and
malnutrition, and increasing support and funding for
the health needs of the millions of children that are
being orphaned and affected by HIV/AIDS.
(B) Support for women's nongovernmental
organizations that seek to improve the health of girls
through education, advocacy, and services.
(C) Support for nongovernmental organizations that
directly address, treat, and work to eliminate all
forms of abuse and neglect of children.
(D) Recognition, through integrated programming in
education and economic growth, that children's health
cannot be isolated from broader structural and
institutional issues of gender inequality in the access
to economic resources, education, and power.
(E) Programs to enhance the health, including the
reproductive and sexual health, of adolescents,
especially girls.
SEC. 402. FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND RIGHTS.
(a) Findings.--Congress finds the following:
(1) Hundreds of millions of women lack access to
comprehensive reproductive health care services, including
family planning services, which are basic elements of women's
reproductive health and rights. The low status of women in many
societies is a factor that perpetuates patterns of early and
frequent childbearing and is often an obstacle to women's use
of existing health care services. Population planning
assistance programs should provide comprehensive reproductive
health care, including family planning services that respect
and promote women's reproductive rights, privacy, and
empowerment.
(2) Key elements of a comprehensive approach to
reproductive health and rights include the confidential
provision of a full range of family planning and services,
reproductive health and sexuality education, prenatal and
delivery care, including emergency obstetrical care, prevention
of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmissible infections (STIs),
access to treatment for the complications of unsafe abortion,
and access to safe abortion services where legal, and, age-
appropriate confidential reproductive health care and education
for adolescents.
(3) By signing the agreements of the United Nations
International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo
(ICPD), the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing (FWCW),
and the 5-year reviews, the United States Government declared
that it would, among other things--
(A) promote women's empowerment and gender
equality;
(B) focus on the needs and rights of women and men;
(C) promote a comprehensive reproductive health and
rights approach; and
(D) involve women in leadership, planning,
decision-making, implementation, and evaluation of
United States international family planning programs.
(4) Women's economic participation and reproductive rights
and health are inextricably linked. Increases in women's labor
force participation raises demand for safe and voluntary
reproductive health care, including family planning services,
which in turn enable women to control their own health and
fertility and their ability to work. Lack of comprehensive
reproductive health care severely limits women's ability to
gain from new opportunities resulting from the increasingly
globalized economy.
(b) Assistance for Foreign Nongovernmental Organizations Under Part
I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.--Notwithstanding any other
provision of law, regulation, or policy, in determining eligibility for
assistance authorized under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), foreign nongovernmental organizations--
(1) shall not be ineligible for such assistance solely on
the basis of health or medical services, including counseling
and referral services, provided by such organizations with non-
United States Government funds if such services do not violate
the laws of the country in which they are being provided and
would not violate United States Federal law if provided in the
United States; and
(2) shall not be subject to requirements relating to the
use of non-United States Government funds for advocacy and
lobbying activities other than those that apply to United
States nongovernmental organizations receiving assistance under
part I of such Act.
(c) United States International Family Planning Programs.--United
States international programs administered by the United States Agency
for International Development, the Department of State, and other
appropriate Federal departments and agencies shall incorporate the
following:
(1) A human rights, including reproductive rights, approach
as embodied in the United States commitments in the agreements
at the International Conference on Population and Development
(ICPD) and the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women
(FWCW), and the 5-year reviews of promoting women's equality,
empowerment, and rights.
(2) Design of monitoring, evaluation, and measurement of
results based on local contexts and, in particular,
measurements that prioritize the quality of services.
(3) Design and implementation of, in cooperation with women
and community-based organizations, gender-sensitive
reproductive health and family planning programs that address
the needs of women throughout their lives and take into account
their multiple roles and responsibilities, the demands on their
time, the special needs of rural women and women with
disabilities and the diversity of women's needs arising from
age and socio-economic and cultural differences, among others.
(4) Information, education, and communication programs to
promote the use of the female condom.
(d) Funding for the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).--
(1) Statement of policy.--Congress recognizes the
effectiveness of multilateral agencies that deliver family
planning services.
(2) Funding.--Of the amount appropriated pursuant to the
authorization of appropriations under section 1101 of this Act
for fiscal year 2003, $35,000,000 is authorized to be available for the
United States voluntary contribution to the United Nations Population
Fund (UNFPA). Amounts made available under the preceding sentence are
in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes.
SEC. 403. MATERNAL HEALTH PROGRAMS.
(a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Approximately 600,000 women die each year due to
complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and unsafe abortion. Of
these mostly preventable deaths, more than 95 percent occur in
developing countries.
(2) Access to comprehensive maternal health care, including
quality pre-natal care and nutritional supplements (for
example, foliates), screening for pregnancy-related diseases,
basic fetal health tests, immunizations (for example, tetanus),
access to treatment for the complications of unsafe abortion,
access to safe abortion services where legal, and preparation
for safe birth (including safe delivery kits where needed) are
necessary for the health of women and children. Post-natal care
includes follow-up services to ensure that women recover from
birth without hemorrhaging or infection and that newborns
develop adequately.
(3) When women cannot work because of health problems, the
loss of their income, as well as the costs of treatment, can
drive them and their families into debt. In India, a study
found that disability reduced the productivity of the female
labor force by about 20 percent.
(b) Maternal Health Programs.--
(1) In general.--The Administrator of the United States
Agency for International Development shall establish and carry
out programs to provide maternal health assistance to
individuals in need in developing countries.
(2) Conduct of programs.--In carrying out the programs
pursuant to paragraph (1), the Administrator shall include
programs that improve maternal health to protect the outcome of
pregnancy, neonatal and young infants and save the lives of
mothers by improving maternal nutrition, promoting birth
preparedness, improving safe delivery and postpartum care, and
managing and treating life-threatening complications of
pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal health programs may also
include interventions to protect women from violence and ensure
that women can exercise their reproductive rights without
coercion.
SEC. 404. PREVENTING AND TREATING HIV/AIDS.
(a) Findings.--Congress finds the following:
(1) World leaders have acknowledged that the devastating
scale of the HIV/AIDS pandemic constitutes a global emergency
and that new, additional, and sustained resources are necessary
to meet the challenge of providing an integrated approach of
prevention, care, support, treatment, and research.
(2) The United States and other donor countries must be at
the forefront in leading and mobilizing the level of resources
required--between $7,000,000,000 and $10,000,000,000--by 2005
in low- and middle-income countries and those countries
experiencing rapid expansion of HIV infections.
(3) HIV disproportionately affects women and girls. The
rate of increase of new HIV infections is rising most rapidly
among women and young girls, particularly in societies
throughout Africa and Asia plagued by poverty and high levels
of gender inequality. Women account for more than half of the
deaths from AIDS since the beginning of the epidemic. Of the
34,700,000 adults currently living with HIV/AIDS, 16,400,000
are women. There are 1,400,000 children under the age of 15
living with HIV/AIDS, 90 percent of whom were infected through
transmission from their mother.
(4) Rates of transmission of other sexually transmitted
infections, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human
papillomavirus also are high and increasing in some countries
of the world. While not always life-threatening, such diseases
entail enormous health, social, and economic costs. Many of
these diseases increase the risk of transmission of HIV from
one partner to another. Women generally have less access to
information and services for the prevention and treatment of
common sexually transmitted infections and therefore suffer
disproportionately from common sexually transmitted infections
as well.
(5) Differences in the roles and rights of men and women in
developing countries negatively impact women and girls thereby
increasing their vulnerability to sexually transmitted
infections and HIV/AIDS. For example, gender norms that
restrict women's access to productive resources such as
education, land, income, and credit, create an unequal balance
of power in society that favors men and greatly compromises
women's ability to protect themselves against infection, cope
with illness once infected, or care for those who are infected.
Successful programming takes into account gender equality and
the empowerment of women and girls through the use of special
measures.
(6) Two key factors that dramatically increase women's
vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections and HIV
infection are their lack of economic opportunities and options
and the widespread incidence of violence against women.
(7) Adolescent girls are among the most vulnerable to HIV
infection, but have relatively low access to information on
sexually transmitted infections. The causes of their
vulnerability are social, economic, and physiological.
Widespread violence against adolescent girls, including in
schools, is also an important factor contributing to high rates
of infection. One of the most profound ways in which adolescent
girls are put in jeopardy of contracting HIV infection is
through their increased risk to be raped or through sexual
coercion.-
(8) Culturally defined expectations about acceptable roles
and behaviors of men and women are important factors
contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS. The notion that sexual
domination over women is the defining characteristic of male
sexuality exposes women to the risk of physical and sexual
violence.
(9) Studies and field evaluations show that interventions
that directly address gender inequality--through communication
and education strategies, economic empowerment, changes in
social norms, and efforts to enhance women's ability to
negotiate safe sex, among other things--are among the most
effective strategies in preventing transmission of sexually
transmitted infections and HIV among women and girls, and
improving the health and well-being of families overall. Yet
most large-scale programs funded by governments and donor
agencies as yet largely ignore the gender dimensions of the HIV
epidemic, thereby limiting their own success.
(10)(A) Substantial evidence from a number of countries
worldwide now exists to show that female condoms are an
effective tool for the prevention of sexually transmitted
infections and HIV, are acceptable to a large share of those at
risk of infection, and offer increased levels of protection
when introduced as part of a program that emphasizes education
and negotiation skills.
(B) Female condoms are the only female-initiated and
approved method available on the market today. Moreover, female
condoms offer ``dual protection'' from both unwanted pregnancy
and infection simultaneously. Access to the female condom is
limited in most countries worldwide, however, due to a lack of
investment in the purchasing, distribution, and programs needed
to support introduction and sustained use, and bias in favor of
the male condom. The United States Government must take the
lead on expanding access to the female condom to save millions
of lives today.
(11) Since the early 1990's, topical microbicides have
attracted scientific attention as a possible new technology for
preventing sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. For
individuals needing to use them without partner knowledge or
consent, safe, effective, acceptable, and affordable topical
microbicides could be formulated to be undetectable. Investment
in topical microbicides is critical for the future, while
sustained investments in female condoms are required for the
present.
(b) Actions Relating to HIV/AIDS Protection for Women and Girls.--
(1) Economic empowerment of women.--The Administrator of
the United States Agency for International Development, acting
through the Director of the Office of HIV/AIDS and the Director
of the Office on Women in Development of the Agency for
International Development, shall develop and integrate into the
HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment programs of the Agency
for International Development specific initiatives to improve
women's economic status, including opportunities in both the
formal and informal economy, and improve access to credit,
land, technical assistance, and productive resources. A focus
on addressing the economic needs and improving economic
opportunities and vocational and life skills of adolescent
girls shall be included in these efforts.
(2) Creating gender-sensitive sti and hiv prevention
programs.--The Administrator of the United States Agency for
International Development, acting through the Director of the
Office of HIV/AIDS of the Agency for International Development,
shall ensure that all Agency-supported programs account for and
respond to the gender dimensions of vulnerability to sexually
transmitted infections and HIV in diverse contexts, ensuring
that such programs address gender constraints through
communication and education strategies aimed at changing social
norms, informing women of their options, and providing them
with the tools required to negotiate and practice safe sex,
including access to vaginal microbicides.
(3) Expanding access to and use of means of protection.--
The Administrator of the United States Agency for International
Development, acting through the Director of the Office of HIV/
AIDS of the Agency for International Development, shall ensure
that all Agency-supported programs evaluate their potential for
developing gender-sensitive efforts to promote expanded use of
both female and male condoms, and shall expend not less than
$35,000,000 in 2003 and each succeeding year to procure and
develop programs for the introduction and sustained use of
female condoms.
(4) Integrating hiv/aids prevention with other reproductive
health programs.--The Administrator of the United States Agency
for International Development, acting through the Director of
the Office of HIV/AIDS and the Director of the Office on
Population, Health, and Nutrition of the Agency for
International Development, shall test models of programs that
integrate prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV
with other reproductive health services to identify approaches
that promote dual protection from unintended pregnancy and
infection. Particular attention should be given to integrating
HIV/AIDS prevention into family planning, maternal and child
health and primary care service programs, and to ensuring that
health sector reform initiatives do not undermine HIV/AIDS
programs.
(5) Training of usaid personnel.--The Administrator of the
United States Agency for International Development shall ensure
that program officers of the Agency posted to countries with
HIV/AIDS prevalence rates of one percent or higher receive
training on gender analysis related to country-specific HIV/
AIDS prevention, care, and treatment issues.
(6) Development of topical microbicides for preventing
transmission of hiv and other sexually transmitted diseases.--
(A) Coordination with other institutes.--The
Administrator of the United States Agency for
International Development shall coordinate activities
to research and promote the use of microbicides for the
prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted
diseases with appropriate institutes, including the
National Institute of Health, to the extent such
institutes have responsibilities that are related to
the development of microbicides and their distribution
in the developing world.
(B) Program for microbicide development.--The
Administrator of the United States Agency for
International Development shall establish a program to
support research to use microbicides to substantially
reduce transmission of HIV and other sexually
transmitted diseases in developing countries.
Activities under such program shall provide for an
expansion and intensification of the conduct and
support of--
(i) development of formulation and delivery
approaches appropriate for developing
countries;
(ii) research on designs of microbicides
targeted for use in developing countries;
(iii) conduct of HIV incidence and
microbicide feasibility studies with attention
to the needs of developing countries; and
(iv) behavioral research on use,
acceptability, and adherence to microbicides in
developing countries.
(C) Grants for microbicide research.--In order to
contribute to the rapid evaluation of safe and
effective microbicides for the prevention of HIV and
other sexually transmitted diseases, the Administrator
may, in carrying out subparagraph (B) make grants to
public and nonprofit private entities for the purpose
of providing technical assistance to, and consultation
with, a wide variety of domestic and international
entities involved in developing and evaluating topical
microbicides, including health agencies, extramural
researchers, industry, health advocates, and nonprofit
organizations in the United States and in developing
countries.
(c) Other Requirements.--The Administrator of the United States
Agency for International Development shall appoint a senior level
policy advisor for infectious diseases who shall report directly to the
Administrator and shall be responsible for ensuring that the impact of
infectious diseases are taken into account in programs in all divisions
of the Agency, including from a gender perspective responding to the
growth of the AIDS pandemic among women and girls.
SEC. 405. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS.
(a) Findings.--Congress finds the following:
(1) Tuberculosis is one of the greatest infectious causes
of death of adults worldwide, killing nearly 2,000,000 people
per year--one person every 15 seconds. Globally, tuberculosis
is the leading infectious cause of death of young women and the
leading cause of death of people with HIV/AIDS.
(2) Tuberculosis is an immense economic drain on families
and on nations and is a significant cause of poverty. Most
cases of tuberculosis and deaths caused by tuberculosis occur
among individuals in their most productive years of life, ages
15 to 50, decimating a country's ability to compete effectively
in the global economy.
(3) There is a highly effective and inexpensive treatment
for tuberculosis. This strategy, known as Directly Observed
Treatment, Short Course (DOTS), includes low-cost effective
diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and record keeping, as well
as a reliable drug supply.
(4) Based on World Bank estimates, DOTS treatment is one of
the most cost-effective health interventions available--costing
just $20-$100 to save a life, and DOTS can produce cure rates
of up to 95 percent even in the poorest countries.
(b) Amendments to Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.--Section
104(c)(7) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151b(c)(7))
is amended--
(1) by redesignating subparagraph (B) as subparagraph (C);
(2) by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following:
``(B)(i) Of the amount appropriated pursuant to the authorization
of appropriations under subparagraph (C) for a fiscal year, a
substantial percentage of such amount is authorized to be used for (I)
the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis for very poor, at-risk and
affected populations utilizing Directly Observed Treatment, Short
Course (DOTS), or other internationally accepted primary tuberculosis
control strategies developed in consultation with the World Health
Organization, and (II) the expansion of such strategies so that every
individual with tuberculosis has access to treatment and to meet the
goal of the cure of at least 85 percent of the cases detected in those
countries in which the agency has established development programs by
December 31, 2010.
``(ii) An appropriate percentage of the remaining amount
appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under
subparagraph (C) for a fiscal year is authorized to be made available
for implementation of Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS-
PLUS), or other internationally accepted tuberculosis control
strategies, to treat multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, and for global
tuberculosis coordination and surveillance efforts. In addition,
assistance provided using amounts is authorized to be primarily used in
those developing countries identified by the World Health Organization
as having a high incidence of tuberculosis, with special emphasis given
to the poorest regions of such countries.''.
SEC. 406. ADDRESSING FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION.
(a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings and
declarations of policy:
(1) Up to 180,000,000 women and girls around the world, 80
percent of them in Africa, have undergone some form of genital
mutilation. Approximately 2,000,000 girls undergo female
genital mutilation annually, most often between the ages of 7
and 10 years, although there is a trend to perform the
procedure on much younger girls.
(2) Female genital mutilation performed against the will of
a girl or woman violates the basic human right to bodily
integrity.
(3) The health risks of female genital mutilation are
significant, and include intense pain, hemorrhage, infection,
infertility, increased risk of maternal and child morbidity and
mortality, and HIV infection. The long-term risks are also
substantial. A study in Sierra Leone discovered that 83 percent
of women who have undergone female genital mutilation require
medical attention at some point in their lives for a condition
resulting from the procedure.
(4) Research and experience by national and international
organizations has proven that the cessation of the practice of
female genital mutilation must involve efforts that facilitate
the empowerment of women overall and directly address female
genital mutilation, including economic development, local and
national level advocacy, health education, technical assistance
to nongovernmental organizations and health ministries, and
political support at all levels.
(b) Additional Provision.--Amounts made available to carry out
programs to address female genital mutilation should be targeted toward
local nongovernmental organizations that provide medical and
psychosocial services, develop culturally appropriate information,
education, and communications materials related to female genital
mutilation, and create greater political support at all levels to
address female genital mutilation. Such amounts may also be used to
support research on the economic, psychosocial, and health consequences
of female genital mutilation and to evaluate intervention programs.
(c) Definition.--In this section, the term ``female genital
mutilation'' means procedures that involve partial or total removal of
the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital
organs whether for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reasons.
TITLE V--WOMEN, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY
SEC. 501. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Women produce, process, and market more than 70 percent
of the food in most developing countries, yet their key roles
as farmers and food providers critical to household food
security is only recently becoming recognized.
(2) Because women dominate the agricultural sector in
developing countries, they can benefit from the rising demand
for food worldwide. However, women face enormous barriers that
prevent them from realizing this potential, including lack of
land tenure rights, exclusion from decision-making at all
levels, neglect by agricultural extension services, and limited
access to inputs such as fertilizer, improved seeds, credit,
and markets.
(3) In spite of these constraints, recent evaluations of
international agribusiness projects have shown that women can
significantly raise their incomes through the production,
processing, and marketing of traditional and non-traditional
agricultural products. One of the best ways to improve rural
women's status is to increase their access to the land,
technology, inputs, finances, and markets they need to become
full participants in the global market.
(4) The United States supplies more than half of food aid
worldwide to refugees and displaced persons. Yet we still see
significant nutritional deficiencies among these populations,
particularly micronutrient and caloric intake deficiencies.
SEC. 502. PROGRAMS TO ASSIST WOMEN FARMERS.
In carrying out programs that provide assistance, directly or
indirectly, to farmers in foreign countries, the Administrator of the
United States Agency for International Development, the Secretary of
State, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the heads of other appropriate
Federal departments and agencies shall establish and carry out projects
to assist women farmers in accessing global and domestic markets in
order to increase their incomes. Such projects shall meet the following
requirements:
(1) Provide women with access to the resources they need to
produce, process, and market high-income crops and agricultural
products, including resources that provide rights to own and
use land, credit, market information, extension services,
appropriate technology, and all productive inputs (water,
seeds, fertilizers, chemicals that are safe for human exposure
and environmentally sound, and labor).
(2) Ensure that agribusiness interventions do not diminish
farm families' food security, overall well-being, family
incomes, or their ownership and control over productive assets.
(3) Provide education and training to women farmers and
food producers, processors, and traders. Education programs
shall include culturally appropriate agricultural extension
services (for example, women extension agents), basic literacy
and numeracy, and training in business skills.
(4) Enhance women's access to nutritious food both within
the household and for the household to purchase, and increase
the household's knowledge of nutrition and good feeding
behaviors.
(5) Research and address the impacts of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic on the choice of crops and processing technologies
suitable for women. Particular attention must be paid to
maintaining household food security in spite of loss of family
labor and other resources.
(6) Assist countries in establishing effective food-safety
nets for the poor in times of economic downturns or low food
production (due to drought, floods, or other catastrophes).
(7) Evaluate and increase the effectiveness of United
States emergency food aid programs for food security, nutrition
and health, and explore the potential for using monetized local
currency receipts for creating endowments from which food
security related projects could be funded.
(8) Fortify staple foods contributed as part of United
States food aid programs with vitamins A, B, and C, zinc,
folate, iron, as appropriate, and fortify salt with iodine.
Food aid should also provide high-nutrient seeds in relief
situations to enable displaced persons to grow high-nutrient
foods.
(9) Create food security profiles, including gender
analysis, for recipient countries to diagnose what types of
investments should be made, agricultural and non-agricultural,
to achieve food security for the poor.
(10) Increase women's skills in advocacy and in their
ability to engage in decision-making activities relevant to
agriculture and food security at all levels--state, province,
national, and international.
SEC. 503. INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (IFAD).
(a) Finding.--Congress finds that the International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD) has been a pioneer in reaching rural
women and is an effective means of channeling scare United States
resources for international agricultural programs.
(b) Declaration of Policy.--Congress expresses its full support for
significant United States contributions to future replenishments of the
International Fund for Agricultural Development.
TITLE VI--HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRLS
SEC. 601. STRENGTHENING THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND GIRLS.
(a) Findings and Declarations of Policy.--Congress makes the
following findings and declarations of policy:
(1) The indivisibility of human rights is most relevant to
women and girls because violations of their rights occur in all
areas, including the home, community, workplace, and civic
institutions.
(2) Supporting women's human rights in all spheres of
women's lives, including home, work, school, health, political
participation, and other related areas, is critical to
sustainable development and the promotion of equality and
democracy around the world.
(3) Violations of women's human rights can be cloaked in
law or exist in practice, they can be direct or indirect and
they can exist in the public and private sectors. The
eradication of gender discrimination remains a challenge even
within the international human rights system.
(4) Many legal or administrative codes contain barriers to
women's access to resources and property, to basic information
about and access to services (including health and education),
to basic decisions concerning their family status, to
protection from violence, and to freedom of association. Even
where supportive legislation exists, these legal rights may be
weakly enforced or overridden by customary law.
(5) It is important that international human rights
treaties that the United States has ratified be applied to
domestic and foreign policies and programs.
(6) It is important to examine the implications of
accelerated economic globalization, structural adjustment, and
trade liberalization on women's rights and human rights,
particularly as these trends affect women as workers, farmers,
entrepreneurs, family care givers, and heads of household.
(7) Global institutions such as the World Bank,
International Monetary Fund, multinational corporations, the
United Nations, and other institutions increasingly affect the
daily lives and human rights of women and girls, both
positively and negatively.
(b) Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic, Social,
and Cultural Rights.--Congress expresses its support for ratification
of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
and requests the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold
hearings on the Covenant, approve it, and submit the Covenant to the
floor of the Senate for a vote on advice and consent to ratification.
(c) Ratification of the International Convention on the Rights of
the Child.--Congress expresses its support for ratification of the
International Convention on the Rights of the Child and requests the
Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the
Covenant, approve it, and submit the Covenant to the floor of the
Senate for a vote on advice and consent to ratification.
(d) International Convention of the Protection of the Rights of All
Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.--Congress expresses its
support for the United States to sign and ratify the International
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and
Members of their Families and requests the Committee on Foreign
Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the Convention.
(e) Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and
Poltical Rights.--Congress expresses its support for the United States
to sign and ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant
of Civil and Political Rights and requests the Committee on Foreign
Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the Protocol.
(f) United States International Programs To Promote Democracy and
Human Rights.--United States international programs to promote
democracy and human rights shall include the following:
(1) Financial support and technical assistance for legal
aid organizations that take on cases of the violations of human
rights of women and girls, in particular cases of violence
against women, denial of women's access to social services, and
violations of women employment rights.
(2) Support to civil society organizations that are
promoting human rights education for women and men.
(3) Support for capacity-building of young women leaders in
the field of human rights law.
(4) Technical assistance to all bureaus and embassies to
ensure their compliance with international human rights
treaties that the United States has signed and ratified.
(g) Audit of Multilateral Development Banks.--The Secretary of the
Treasury, in conjunction with the United States Executive Directors to
each multilateral development bank (as defined in section 201(g)),
shall conduct an audit of each such bank to ensure that the bank is
compliant with internationally recognized and universal human rights,
as defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
(h) Assistance To Eliminate Discrimination Against Women.--
(1) Assistance.--The Administrator of the United States
Agency for International Development shall establish and carry
out programs to assist governments of developing countries to
eliminate de jure discrimination against women.
(2) Additional requirements.--Assistance provided under
subsection (a) shall include the following:
(A) Provide judges and other judicial officials in
developing countries with ongoing training in women's
human rights, particularly as such rights relate to
domestic violence.
(B) Provide technical and other assistance to
officials in ministries of justice of developing
countries to enable such officials to better collect
and analyze sex-disaggregated data on rates of
reporting, prosecution, conviction, and sentencing of
domestic and sexual violence cases.
(3) Improve training for law enforcement personnel in
developing countries to improve their response to and
collection of evidence for domestic and sexual violence cases.
SEC. 602. PREVENTION OF TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN.
(a) Findings.--Congress finds the following:
(1) Trafficking in persons is increasing exponentially
worldwide. The United Nations estimates that 4,000,000
individuals become victims of trafficking each year. The United
States Government estimates that 50,000 women and girls are
trafficked into the United States annually.
(2) Trafficking is a labor and human rights violation that
involves physical and psychological coercion, deception, forced
labor, and servitude or slavery. Traffickers force people to
labor and serve in a growing number of arenas, including
factories, construction sites, farms, brothels, homes, and
streets.
(3) Potential and actual victims of trafficking need
targeted assistance to provide them with skills and
opportunities at home. Trafficked individuals need shelter,
health care, psychological counseling, training, and living
assistance after they escape from their traffickers. Those
individuals who are in danger from retaliation by organized
criminal gangs require special protection.
(4) Women are more likely than men to be trafficked. Women
are disproportionately affected by economic changes brought on
by structural adjustment policies, privatization, trade
liberalization, and economic globalization, such as the
movement away from agriculture toward a wage-based economy and
consumer society.
(b) Programs in Foreign Countries of Origin or Destination.--
(1) In general.--The President, acting through the heads of
appropriate Federal departments and agencies (such as the
Department of State, the Immigration and Naturalization
Service, the Department of Health and Human Services, and the
United States Agency for International Development), shall
establish and carry out programs in foreign countries to
prevent the trafficking of women and children, prosecute
traffickers, and meet the needs of victims of trafficking.
(2) Additional requirements.--Programs established and
carried out under paragraph (1) shall include the following:
(A) Prevention.--(i) Support for local in-country
nongovernmental organizations to conduct public
education and advocacy programs for all relevant
sectors and levels of society with the purpose of
preventing trafficking.
(ii) Creation of education materials and networks
to reach out to the ethnic communities of those
individuals most likely to be trafficked, particularly
in the informal sectors where undocumented migrants and
trafficked individuals are more likely to be found.
(iii) Education, training, and business development
services for women and girls who are in vulnerable
populations to assist them in becoming economically
self-sufficient. These programs should emphasize non-
traditional and economically viable activities and
include training on the rights of women, labor, and
migrants.
(B) Treatment and social services for victims.--(i)
Support for nongovernmental organization-operated
hotlines, culturally and linguistically appropriate
protective shelters, and regional and international
nongovernmental organization networks and databases on
trafficking. Support should also assist nongovernmental
organizations in creating service centers and systems
that are mobile and extend beyond large cities.
(ii) Support for nongovernmental organizations and
advocates to provide legal, social, and other services
and assistance to trafficked individuals, particularly
those individuals in detention.
(iii) Education and training for trafficked women
and girls upon their return home as described in clause
(iv).
(iv) The safe reintegration of trafficked
individuals into an appropriate community or family,
with full respect for the wishes, dignity, and safety
of the trafficked individual. Programs should seek to
integrate victim protection and safe reintegration.
(v) Support for increasing or developing programs
to assist families of victims in locating,
repatriating, and treating their trafficked family
members.
(C) Law enforcement.--High-quality training
programs emphasizing a human rights-based approach for
law enforcement personnel, prosecutors, immigration
agents and officers, housing and health inspectors, and
other government officials who may come into contact
with a situation of trafficking or trafficked
individuals in countries of origin or destination.
(D) Legal reforms.--(i) Analysis of existing
national legal frameworks and advocacy to develop
protective national laws and policies that are
consistent with, and improve upon, the United Nations
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking
in Persons, Especially Women and Children
(supplementing the United Nations Convention Against
Transnational Organized Crime).
(ii) Support for advocates working to ensure the
appropriate and timely implementation of new anti-
trafficking or related legislation at the national, state, and local
levels.
(iii) Support for countries to develop an effective
system for witness defense and protection, including
the establishment of immigration laws to allow
temporary residence to victims.
(E) Capacity building for nongovernmental
organizations.--(i) Assistance to build the capacities
of local nongovernmental organizations, such as local
unions, women's organizations, direct service
organizations, and civic associations to effectively
deliver programs in subparagraphs (A) through (D).
(ii) Assistance for nongovernmental organizations
to disseminate, share, and train other nongovernmental
organizations in successful techniques to prevent
trafficking, prosecute traffickers, and meet the
multiple needs of victims.
SEC. 603. ACCESS FOR AFGHAN WOMEN ACT OF 2002.
(a) Short Title.--This section may be cited as the ``Access for
Afghan Women Act of 2002''.
(b) Findings.--Congress finds the following:
(1) Before 1996, women in Afghanistan could exercise their
basic human rights and 70 percent of teachers, nurses, doctors,
and small business owners in Afghanistan were women.
(2) More than 90 percent of Afghan men and women believe
that women should have access to education and work, freedom of
expression, legal protection, and participation in government.
Respondents also support the inclusion of women's human rights
issues in any peace negotiations with respect to Afghanistan.
(3) Women make up more than 75 percent of the refugees in
camps, urban areas, and villages in Afghanistan. On the
Afghanistan border with Pakistan many organizations, including
women's organizations, are delivering critical services to
refugees and such women's organizations have the knowledge and
experience to assist the United States in delivering effective
relief aid to women.
(4) The active participation of women in the government,
economy, and society of Afghanistan is necessary to ensure
lasting peace in the region.
(5) During major conflicts in the region, women have
maintained local economies and have led the effort in
rebuilding economies after conflicts. Effective development and
reconstruction assistance, including microcredit assistance,
takes into account women's roles as economic leaders.
(c) Requirements Relating to United States Activities in Central
Asian Countries.--
(1) In general.--Notwithstanding any other provision of
law, activities described in paragraphs (2) through (5) that
are carried out by the United States in Afghanistan and other
countries of Central Asia shall comply with the applicable
requirements contained in such paragraphs.
(2) Peace negotiations to establish government of
afghanistan.--With respect to processes to establish a
government of Afghanistan, the applicable requirements are the
following:
(A) Consult with and include representatives of
women's organizations and networks from the major
ethnic groups in Afghanistan during peace negotiations
and post-conflict decisionmaking.
(B) Include the perspectives and advice of
organizations with expertise in human rights and
women's development in decisionmaking processes
relating to peace and the governance of Afghanistan.
(C) Support the efforts of Afghan women and Afghan
women's organizations to ensure that the full range of
human rights of women, as described in the
International Convention on Civil and Political Rights
and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are
included in any constitution or legal structure of a
government in Afghanistan by including a significant
number of women in the drafting of the constitution.
(3) Post-conflict reconstruction and development.--With
respect to activities relating to post-conflict stability in
Afghanistan and other countries of Central Asia, the applicable
requirements are the following:
(A) Provide financial and programmatic assistance
for the efforts of Afghan women's organizations that
represent the various ethnic groups.
(B) Promote multi-year women-centered economic
development programs, including programs to assist
widows and female heads of household.
(C) Increase women's access to and ownership of
productive assets such as land, agricultural inputs,
and microfinance, and property.
(D) Provide financial assistance for primary,
secondary, and higher education for all individuals in
Afghanistan.
(E) Provide financial assistance to build health
infrastructure and to deliver women-centered health
programs, particularly comprehensive and high quality
reproductive health and family planning services.
(F) Integrate education and training programs for
former combatants with economic development programs to
encourage their reintegration into society and to
promote post-conflict stability.
(G) Support educational efforts to increase
awareness with respect to landmines, facilitate the
removal of landmines, and provide services to
individuals with disabilities caused by landmines.
(H) Provide assistance to rehabilitate children
affected by the conflict, particularly child soldiers.
(4) Relief, resettlement, and repatriation of refugees.--
With respect to the relief, resettlement, and repatriation of
refugees in Afghanistan and other countries of Central Asia,
the applicable requirements are the following:
(A)(i) Take all necessary steps to protect women
refugees in camps, urban areas, and villages fleeing
from the conflict situation in Afghanistan from
violence.
(ii) Take all necessary steps to ensure that women
refugees in camps, urban areas, and villages fleeing
from the conflict situation in Afghanistan are directly
receiving food aid, shelter, relief supplies, and other
services from United States-sponsored programs.
(iii) Take all necessary steps to ensure that women
refugees in camps, urban areas, and villages are
accessing high quality health and medical services,
particularly reproductive, maternal, and child health
services.
(B) Take all necessary steps to ensure that
refugees that choose to return voluntarily to their
place of origin can do so in safety, dignity, and with
protection of their rights. United States-sponsored
efforts shall not coerce or encourage refugees to
return to their places of origin.
(5) Peacekeeping operations.--With respect to peacekeeping
operations in Afghanistan and other countries of Central Asia,
the applicable requirements are the following:
(A) In preparation for deployment of peacekeeping
missions, provide training, guidelines, and materials
to military, police, and civilian personnel on the
protection, rights, and the particular needs of women,
as well as on the importance of involving women in all
peacekeeping and peace building measures.
(B) Encourage individuals and organizations that
will provide training to consult with women's
organizations within and outside of Afghanistan and
other countries of Central Asia to develop appropriate
training content and materials.
(6) Definition.--In this subsection, the term ``other
countries of Central Asia'' means Pakistan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.
(d) Report.--Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment
of this Act, the President shall prepare and transmit to Congress a
report that contains documentation (including documentation using data
disaggregated by gender) of the progress in implementing the
requirements of subsection (c).
SEC. 604. RATIFICATION OF CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN.
(a) Findings.--Congress finds the following:
(1) The Senate has already agreed to the ratification of
several important human rights treaties, including the Genocide
Convention, the Convention Against Torture, the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the Convention on
the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW).
(2) CEDAW establishes a worldwide commitment to combat
discrimination against women and girls.
(3) 165 countries of the world have ratified or acceded to
CEDAW and the United States is among a small minority of
countries, including Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran, and Sudan,
which have not.
(4) The Administration has proposed a small number of
reservations, understandings, and declarations to ensure that
United States ratification fully complies with all
constitutional requirements, including the rights of States and
individuals.
(5) The legislatures of California, Iowa, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, South Dakota, and
Vermont have endorsed United States ratification of CEDAW.
(6) More than 100 United States-based, civic, legal,
religious, education, and environmental organizations,
including many major national membership organizations, support
ratification of CEDAW.
(7) Ratification of CEDAW would allow the United States to
nominate a representative to the CEDAW oversight committee.
(b) Sense of Congress.--It is the sense of Congress that--
(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate should
hold hearings on the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms
of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW); and
(2) the Senate should, therefore, give its advice and
consent to the ratification of the Convention on the
Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
TITLE VII--VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
SEC. 701. FINDINGS.
Congress finds the following:
(1) Around the world, at least 1 woman in every 3 has been
beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime.
(2) Violence against women is a human rights violation that
takes many forms--physical, sexual, and psychological--and cuts
across most countries, social groups, and socio-economic
classes. Violence against women can occur in every setting--in
homes, streets, schools, and places of work.
(3) Violence is a multidimensional issue that stems from
women's subordinate status in society, women's economic
dependence on men, and women's overall lack of power. All
societies have beliefs, norms, and social institutions that
legitimize and perpetuate violence against women.
(4) Women are particularly vulnerable to violence during
times of political upheaval and economic instability. Although
rape as a weapon of war has been internationally condemned,
armies continue to use it in conflicts around the globe. For
example, in 1992, as many as 20,000 women were raped in the
first few months of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina
(5) Violence prohibits many women from participating in the
economy, being active in civic life, accessing educational
opportunities, and obtaining health care. One out of every 5
healthy years of life are lost to women ages 15 to 44 as a
result of violence. This loss of productivity impairs women's
economic development and overall national economic growth.
SEC. 702. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS TO PREVENT VIOLENCE
AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS.
United States international programs administered by the United
States Agency for International Development, the Department of State,
and other appropriate Federal departments and agencies shall
incorporate the following:
(1) Support for programs that advocate for protective
legislation, judicial accountability and enforcement of
existing laws relating to the prevention of violence against
women and girls.
(2) Strengthening of sites of first response, particularly
community-based responses and infrastructure.
(3) Encouragement for the integration of violence
interventions into all sectors of United States international
development assistance.
(4) Investment in a variety of prevention programs,
including research on the causes of violence, and education of
the public, law enforcement and judicial officials, and
journalists and the media. Public education programs should aim
to change the attitudes, beliefs, and norms that encourage men
to be violent.
(5) Strengthening of women's economic opportunities in
order to improve their options and negotiating power outside of
and within the home.
(6) Encouragement for communities to design all responses
(for example, health, police, judicial, and social services) to
respect the autonomy and meet the needs of survivors.
(7) Design of monitoring, evaluation, and measurement of
results based on local needs and contexts. Measurement of
results should account for the long length of time violence
interventions aimed at profound behavioral and societal changes
take.
(8) Support for research on and dissemination of best
practices for violence prevention and treatment programs.
SEC. 703. REPORT.
As part of the congressional presentation documents for fiscal year
2003, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International
Development shall report on the Agency's programs to eradicate violence
against women for those countries in which the 2000 State Department
Country Report on Human Rights practices indicates a significant
problem of domestic violence, rape, trafficking, sexual harassment, and
other forms of violence against women.
TITLE VIII--WOMEN, CONFLICTS, AND PEACE BUILDING
SEC. 801. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:
(1) Civilians, particularly women and children, account for
the vast majority of those adversely affected by armed conflict
in ethnic, religious, and identity wars. In some cases of
ethno-political conflict, more than half of women have been
targeted for rape as a weapon of war. Little is done to protect
the safety and rights of women in conflict situations or to
prosecute perpetrators.
(2) Today, as many as 300,000 children under the age of 18
serve in government forces or armed rebel groups. Some are as
young as 8 years old. Both girls and boys are used as child
soldiers. In case studies in El Salvador, Ethiopia, and Uganda,
almost a third of the child soldiers were reported to be girls.
Girls may be raped, or in some cases, given to military
commanders as ``wives''.
(3) War and violence have uprooted and displaced 35,000,000
people worldwide from their homes, 80 percent of these refugees
are women and children. They have little access to basic food,
medical care, hygiene, and shelter.
(4) Women are not just victims, they are taking the
initiative to reach across the conflict divide and foster
peace. In Mali and Liberia women joined together to collect
arms. In Northern Ireland, Catholic and Protestant women
created joint community development projects.
(5) Despite women's positive roles in fostering peace, they
are excluded from most peace negotiations. Women's perspectives
and experiences in seeking solutions to conflicts are necessary
to ensure lasting peace.
(6) Violence and conflict are major impediments to
participating in and benefiting from the global economy. Even
during major conflicts, it is women that keep local economies
running and work to rebuild economies after conflicts.
Therefore, economic aid that is linked to peace processes
should target and take into account women's roles as economic
leaders and assist women in accessing the global marketplace.
SEC. 802. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS.
United States international programs administered by the United
States Agency for International Development, the Department of State,
the Department of Defense, and other appropriate Federal departments
and agencies shall incorporate activities in the following areas:
(1) Conflict prevention and post-conflict stability.--(A)
Support for women's efforts in conflict-resolution before,
during, and after conflicts.
(B) Promotion of multi-year gender-balanced economic
development programs, particularly programs to assist female
heads of household.
(C) Increased women's access to and ownership of productive
assets such as land, agricultural equipment, and credit.
(D) Integration of education and training programs for
former combatants with economic development programs to
encourage their reintegration into society and to promote post-
conflict stability.
(E) Extension of education and training, including in
business development, to women.
(2) Improving peace keeping operations.--(A) In preparation
for deployment, provide training, guidelines, and materials to
military, police, and civilian personnel on the protection,
rights, and the particular needs of women, as well as on the
importance of involving women in all peacekeeping and peace
building measures. The Secretary of Defense shall encourage
trainers to consult with women's organizations and leaders to
develop appropriate training content and materials.
(B) Integration of a gender perspective in peace building
by each United States representative to the United Nations,
including encouraging close and meaningful collaboration
between United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and women
leaders working to end conflict. In addition, encouragement of
the United Nations to create a Gender Unit at the Department of
Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) headquarters to provide
technical assistance in this area.
(3) Peace negotiations and decision-making.--(A) With
respect to peace negotiations, the consultation with women
leaders with experience in conflict prevention, mediation, and
traditional peacemaking processes in peace negotiations and
post-conflict decision-making.
(B) Include women's perspectives in United States decision-
making processes relating to peace and international security
by conducting an audit on the implementation of existing United
States commitments on addressing women's needs and concerns in
conflict and post-conflict situations.
(4) Refugee resettlement and repatriation.--(A) Provide
protection and assistance to refugee women and internally
displaced women in or fleeing from conflict situations.
(B) Ensure that high quality services are provided to
refugee women to meet their overall health needs, particularly
in the area of reproductive health.
(C) Take all necessary steps to ensure that refugee and
displaced women are able to return voluntarily to their place
of origin in safety and with dignity, and to uphold their right
to protection after their return.
(D) Provide assistance to rehabilitate children affected by
conflict, particularly child soldiers.
SEC. 803. RATIFICATION OF THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON
THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD ON THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHILDREN IN
ARMED CONFLICT.
Congress expresses its support for the Optional Protocol to the
Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in
Armed Conflict and urges the Committee on Foreign Relations of the
Senate to hold hearings on the Protocol, approve the Protocol, and
bring the Protocol to the floor of the full Senate for a vote on advice
and consent to ratification.
TITLE IX--WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP AND PARTICIPATION
SEC. 901. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:
(1) Women's equal participation in political and civic life
plays a pivotal role in the general process of the advancement
of women. Women's equal participation in decision-making is not
only a demand for simple justice or democracy, but is also a
necessary condition for women's interests to be taken into
account.
(2) From 1945 to 1995, the percentage of women in
parliaments increased four-fold; however, women's
representation in national legislatures is low at 12.7 percent
worldwide. Women representation at the local level is also
suppressed, with less than 5 percent in Africa and 7.5 percent
in Latin America.
(3) In order to increase women's leadership and
participation, interventions must address both the skills and
characteristics of women as well as the overall context that
promotes or limits women's participation.
SEC. 902. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS TO INCREASE WOMEN'S
LEADERSHIP AND PARTICIPATION.
(a) In General.--United States international programs administered
by the United States Agency for International Development, the
Department of State, and other appropriate Federal departments and
agencies shall incorporate the following activities:
(1) Building women's capacity to be effective leaders and
participants in civic life by--
(A) providing training to women and women's
organizations in the areas of legal systems, electoral
processes, legislation, advocacy, media and public
affairs, information technology, and leadership; and
(B) assisting women leaders once they are in office
to enhance their abilities to govern effectively, for
example by building strong relationships with women's
associations and developing connections to other
elected officials.
(2) Creating a supportive environment for women's
leadership and participation by--
(A) sensitizing men and male leaders to support
women's leadership and participation in public life;
(B) developing and implementing gender-sensitive
programs to give girls, boys, and young adults skills
in civic participation and leadership; and
(C) reforming structures to integrate women
leaders, for example by encouraging countries to
utilize affirmative action programs to increase the
number of women in the politics and decision-making.
(b) Additional Requirements.--The Administrator of the United
States Agency for International Development shall work with the Office
of Women in Development and the Bureau for Democracy and Governance in
addressing women's needs and incorporating women's views in all
programs relating to democracy and governance.
SEC. 903. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP.
The President is authorized to establish a United States
International Fund for Women's Leadership to provide grants to women's
organizations in developing countries and to United States women's
organizations for the purpose of promoting women's leadership in such
countries.
SEC. 904. INTERNATIONAL MUSEUM OF WOMEN.
Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:
(1) Of the thousands of museums in the United States, there
is no museum that chronicles the vast contributions women from
around the world have made and continue to make to the
development of humanity.
(2) Women have been virtually invisible in mainstream
textbooks and historical presentations. This ``traditional''
telling of history perpetuates the inequalities that exist
between women and men.
(3) Women have played critical roles in shaping economies
and politics, art and culture, home and family, yet there
exists no place where young women and men can go to learn about
global women's history.
(4) An International Museum of Women will celebrate and
examine the role women have played in shaping our world through
the centuries. Through the critical exploration of women's
history, contemporary issues and visions of the future, the
museum will be a catalyst for continued social change.
TITLE X--WOMEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT
SEC. 1001. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings and declarations of policy:
(1) Environmental degradation constitutes a serious threat
to the livelihood of the poor in developing countries,
especially women. It is women who are most intensively engaged
in household subsistence activities that depend closely on the
quality and availability of natural resources.
(2) Women are more susceptible to health problems related
to changes in the environment due to the sensitivity of their
reproductive systems to toxins or pollutants. There is also
strong evidence of the irrevocable damage caused by chemical
exposures during various stages of the life cycle, particularly
to the fetus and growing child.
(3) Increased trade liberalization, industrialization,
manufacturing, consumption, agricultural development, and
population dynamics in both developed and developing countries
have altered ecosystems and environmental quality in low-income
countries.
(4) The privatization and commodification of natural
resources such as energy, water, and medicinal plants impacts
women more deeply and severely due to their roles as providers
of basic household needs.
SEC. 1002. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS.
United States international environmental programs administered by
the United States Agency for International Development, the Department
of State, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the
Department of the Interior, United States Forest Service, the National
Park Service, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the
Department of Commerce, and other appropriate Federal departments and
agencies shall incorporate the following activities:
(1) Increase resources to research the health impacts of
hazardous materials on women, children, and men, particularly
those chemicals prevalent in developing countries.
(2) Foster the creation of information systems, such as
``community right to know'' principles, for local communities
in developing countries to become aware of environmental and
health threats.
(3) Encourage the development of environmental regulations
and agencies in developing countries. Promote the use of the
``precautionary principle'' in which measures are put into
place to protect women, men, and children from toxic substances
until such substances are proven safe for these populations.
(4) Provide low-income women with access to environmentally
and economically sound technologies, such as wind generators
and solar-powered cookers, that support healthy ecosystems,
promote the sustainable use of natural resources, and enhance
the well-being of women and their families.
(5) Provide financial support and technical assistance to
developing country energy and natural resource ministries to
assess the energy needs of households living in poverty and
recommend actions to be taken to meet these energy needs both
sustainably and affordably for the poor. These assessments
shall account for the differing energy needs of men and women
when estimating overall household energy needs.
(6) In countries that have privatized or are in the process
of privatizing basic commodities, such as energy and water,
ensure that poor households have access to services at
affordable rates.
(7) Increase women's skills in engaging decision-making
bodies relevant to the environment, conservation, biodiversity,
energy and natural resource management, such as bodies at the
state level (including state agencies) and international
systems and institutions.
(8) Support existing programs and encourage the
establishment of new programs in developing countries to limit
exposures to toxic substances in places of work to levels
accepted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
SEC. 1003. NEGOTIATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES AND PROTOCOLS.
The Secretary of State shall take into account women's roles in
natural resource management as well as the health impacts of
environmental toxins on women's health when negotiating international
environmental treaties and protocols.
SEC. 1004. RATIFICATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS.
Congress recognizes the impact that persistent organic pollutants
have on women and children, expresses its support for the Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants, and urges the Committee on Foreign
Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the Convention, approve the
Convention, and bring the Convention to the floor of the full Senate
for a vote on advice and consent to ratification.
SEC. 1005. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY.
The Secretary of State shall instruct the United States
representatives to the Global Environment Facility Council and Assembly
to urge the Facility to integrate women's special needs and an analysis
of gender roles into its programming in developing and transitional
countries.
TITLE XI--AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
SEC. 1101. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out the activities
contained in this Act an aggregate increase of $1,000,000,000 from
appropriations for fiscal year 2002, as mandated in Public Law 107-115,
for the following accounts: ``Development Assistance'', ``Migration and
Refugee Assistance'', ``Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance'',
``International Disaster Assistance'', ``Office of Transition
Initiatives of the United States Agency for International
Development'', and ``International Organizations and Programs''.
Programs in these accounts shall promote women's development as
required by the relevant provisions contained in this Act.
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