[Pages S5525-S5526]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                             CONFIRMATIONS

  Executive nominations confirmed by the Senate July 31, 2018:


                             THE JUDICIARY

       BRITT CAGLE GRANT, OF GEORGIA, TO BE UNITED STATES CIRCUIT 
     JUDGE FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT.


                              IN THE ARMY

       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED 
     STATES ARMY TO THE GRADE INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A 
     POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, 
     U.S.C., SECTION 601:

                             To be general

LT. GEN. STEPHEN R. LYONS


                            IN THE AIR FORCE

       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED 
     STATES AIR FORCE TO THE GRADE INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A 
     POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, 
     U.S.C., SECTION 601:

                        To be lieutenant general

MAJ. GEN. BRIAN T. KELLY
       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED 
     STATES AIR FORCE TO THE GRADE INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A 
     POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, 
     U.S.C., SECTION 601:

                        To be lieutenant general

LT. GEN. MARK D. KELLY
       THE FOLLOWING NAMED AIR NATIONAL GUARD OF THE UNITED STATES 
     OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE RESERVE OF THE AIR FORCE TO 
     THE GRADE INDICATED UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTIONS 12203 
     AND 12212:

                        To be brigadier general

COL. TIMOTHY J. MADDEN
       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED 
     STATES AIR FORCE TO THE GRADE INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A 
     POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, 
     U.S.C., SECTION 601:

                        To be lieutenant general

LT. GEN. JEFFREY L. HARRIGIAN
       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED 
     STATES AIR FORCE TO THE GRADE INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A 
     POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, 
     U.S.C., SECTION 601:

                        To be lieutenant general

MAJ. GEN. THOMAS A. BUSSIERE
       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED 
     STATES AIR FORCE TO THE GRADE INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A 
     POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, 
     U.S.C., SECTION 601:

                        To be lieutenant general

LT. GEN. KENNETH S. WILSBACH


                              IN THE ARMY

       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED 
     STATES ARMY TO THE GRADE INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A 
     POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, 
     U.S.C., SECTION 601:

                        To be lieutenant general

LT. GEN. STEPHEN M. TWITTY


                          IN THE MARINE CORPS

       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT AS ASSISTANT 
     COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS IN THE UNITED STATES MARINE 
     CORPS, AND FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE GRADE INDICATED WHILE 
     ASSIGNED TO A POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER 
     TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTIONS 601 AND 5044:

                             To be general

LT. GEN. GARY L. THOMAS


                            IN THE AIR FORCE

       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED 
     STATES AIR FORCE TO THE GRADE INDICATED UNDER TITLE 10, 
     U.S.C., SECTION 624:

                        To be brigadier general

COL. SUSAN J. PIETRYKOWSKI
       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED 
     STATES AIR FORCE TO THE GRADE INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A 
     POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, 
     U.S.C., SECTION 601:

                        To be lieutenant general

MAJ. GEN. JON T. THOMAS


                              IN THE ARMY

       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICERS FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE GRADE 
     INDICATED IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., 
     SECTION 624:

                        To be brigadier general

COL. GREGORY K. ANDERSON
COL. CHRISTINE A. BEELER
COL. PETER N. BENCHOFF
COL. MARK S. BENNETT
COL. GREGORY J. BRADY
COL. MICHELE H. BREDENKAMP
COL. EDMOND M. BROWN
COL. ROBERT M. COLLINS
COL. KIMBERLY M. COLLOTON
COL. DAVID S. DOYLE
COL. THOMAS J. EDWARDS, JR.
COL. MARCUS S. EVANS
COL. BRETT T. FUNCK
COL. JAMES J. GALLIVAN
COL. BRIAN W. GIBSON
COL. AMY E. HANNAH
COL. JERED P. HELWIG
COL. DONN H. HILL
COL. SCOTT A. JACKSON
COL. JOHN D. KLINE
COL. GAVIN A. LAWRENCE
COL. KEVIN C. LEAHY
COL. MICHELLE M. LETCHER
COL. CHARLES J. MASARACCHIA
COL. MICHAEL C. MCCURRY II
COL. JOHN V. MEYER III
COL. DUANE R. MILLER
COL. SCOTT M. NAUMANN
COL. CHRISTOPHER R. NORRIE
COL. ALLAN M. PEPIN
COL. ANDREW D. PRESTON
COL. MARK C. QUANDER
COL. JOHN L. RAFFERTY, JR.
COL. JETH B. REY
COL. JOSEPH A. RYAN
COL. JAMES M. SMITH
COL. BRETT G. SYLVIA
COL. JOEL B. VOWELL
COL. TODD R. WASMUND
       THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED 
     STATES ARMY TO THE GRADE INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A 
     POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, 
     U.S.C., SECTION 601:

                        To be lieutenant general

MAJ. GEN. JAMES F. PASQUARETTE


                            IN THE AIR FORCE

       AIR FORCE NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH JACQUELINE E. BERRY 
     AND ENDING WITH CONNIE L. WINIK, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON FEBRUARY 8, 2018.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH ANTHONY J. ACETO AND 
     ENDING WITH REGIS C. ZOZO, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY 
     THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JUNE 
     18, 2018.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH MICHAEL A. BASSO-
     WILLIAMS AND ENDING WITH IRSHAD A. SHAKIR, WHICH NOMINATIONS 
     WERE RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JUNE 25, 2018.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATION OF VIKHYAT S. BEBARTA, TO BE COLONEL.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH MARY F. STUEVER AND 
     ENDING WITH LAVANYA VISWANATHAN, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JUNE 25, 2018.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH KATHLEEN E. AALDERINK 
     AND ENDING WITH ISAIAH S. ZYDUCK, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JUNE 28, 2018.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATION OF NISHA R. BAUR, TO BE MAJOR.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATION OF JAY T. FLOTTMANN, TO BE COLONEL.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATION OF CHRISTOPHER P. WHERTHEY, TO BE 
     MAJOR.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATION OF ISSA M. ALVAREZ, TO BE MAJOR.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATION OF NATHANIEL P. LISENBEE, TO BE MAJOR.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATION OF SEAN P. MALANOWSKI, TO BE MAJOR.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH JAMES W. BARNES AND 
     ENDING WITH BRADLEY A. WISLER, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JULY 9, 2018.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH ADAM D. AASEN AND 
     ENDING WITH GEORGE E. QUINT, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JULY 9, 2018.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH ILDA Y. ISAZA AND 
     ENDING WITH YOBANKA E. PAEZ-MUNOZ, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JULY 18, 2018.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATION OF SAMANTHA S. RIEGER-PINSON, TO BE 
     MAJOR.
       AIR FORCE NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH STEVEN J. NORDEEN AND 
     ENDING WITH STEPHANIE E. WILSON, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JULY 23, 2018.


                              IN THE ARMY

       ARMY NOMINATION OF ALEXIS N. MENDOZADEJESUS, TO BE MAJOR.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH SAMUEL B. ALBAHARI AND 
     ENDING WITH RICCARDO C. PAGGETT, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JUNE 20, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH JOHNMARK R. ARDIENTE AND 
     ENDING WITH NATHAN A. GUNTER, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JUNE 20, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH RYAN J. BERGLIN AND ENDING 
     WITH JAMES A. NARDELLI, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY 
     THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JUNE 
     20, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH DAVID L. BURRIER AND ENDING 
     WITH WILLIAM T. CIGICH, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY 
     THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JUNE 
     20, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF JOSHUA V. ARNDT, TO BE MAJOR.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH CHRISTOPHER Z. FARRINGTON 
     AND ENDING WITH MICHAEL P. THOMAS, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JUNE 20, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF RODERICK W. SUMPTER, TO BE MAJOR.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF DANIEL TORRES, TO BE MAJOR.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH MICHAEL P. ANTECKI, JR. AND 
     ENDING WITH D014175, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE 
     SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JUNE 20, 
     2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH LISA M. ABEL AND ENDING 
     WITH D014651, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE SENATE 
     AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JUNE 20, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH DREW Q. ABELL AND ENDING 
     WITH G010393, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE SENATE 
     AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JUNE 20, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH ELI S. ADAMS AND ENDING 
     WITH D014147, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE SENATE 
     AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JUNE 20, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF ROCHELL A. MAIER, TO BE COLONEL.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF ROBERT C. SOPER, TO BE COLONEL.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH VINCENTE G. ALCIVAR AND 
     ENDING WITH EDWARD W. WRIGHT, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JUNE 25, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF BENJAMIN E. SOLOMON, TO BE COLONEL.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH WILLIAM J. NELS AND ENDING 
     WITH KELLIE A. WHITTLINGER, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JUNE 28, 2018.

[[Page S5526]]

       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH VENDECK M. DAVIS AND ENDING 
     WITH RYAN G. LAVOIE, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE 
     SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JUNE 28, 
     2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH HARRY A. HORNBUCKLE AND 
     ENDING WITH MICHAEL J. KIMBALL, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JUNE 28, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH MATTHEW W. ALLEN AND ENDING 
     WITH FRANCIS E. SANFORD, JR., WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JULY 9, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF BRIAN C. MORGAN, TO BE MAJOR.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF KENNETH F. KLOCK, TO BE COLONEL.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF BRANDON C. KLINK, TO BE COLONEL.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF BURTON C. GLOVER, TO BE COLONEL.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF MANUEL REYES, JR., TO BE MAJOR.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF EMMANUEL D. EISENSTEIN, TO BE MAJOR.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF MARSHALL L. BARTEE, TO BE MAJOR.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH ETHAN P. CARTER AND ENDING 
     WITH SAMUEL R. WETHERILL IV, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JULY 18, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH PATRICIA J. RASMUSSEN AND 
     ENDING WITH KENT J. VINCE, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY 
     THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 
     18, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH JEREMY W. BERNDT AND ENDING 
     WITH AMY M. RAMER, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE 
     SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 18, 
     2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH SCOTT M. EVERHART AND 
     ENDING WITH ALBERT SOHNEN, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY 
     THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 
     18, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF WILLIAM PEREZ, TO BE MAJOR.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH ROBYN D. BOLGLA AND ENDING 
     WITH RHONDA D. WYNDER, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE 
     SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 18, 
     2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH MICHAEL C. AMPELAS AND 
     ENDING WITH KURT G. ZIMMER, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JULY 18, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH MICHAEL S. ALLAIN AND 
     ENDING WITH CARMEN M. TUCKER, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JULY 18, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH DONNA M. KENTLEY AND ENDING 
     WITH DAVID J. SKELLEY, JR., WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JULY 18, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF KIMBERLY D. DEJESUS, TO BE COLONEL.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH ROYAL M. MINOR III AND 
     ENDING WITH BENITO E. RODRIGUEZ, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JULY 18, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH EDWARD L. BARRON, JR. AND 
     ENDING WITH MICHELE M. RICH, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JULY 18, 2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH LORI J. ALLERT AND ENDING 
     WITH LARA K. TERAN, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE 
     SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 18, 
     2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH CARL W. ADAMS AND ENDING 
     WITH JOHN H. WU, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE 
     SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 18, 
     2018.
       ARMY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH DAWUD A. A. AGBERE AND 
     ENDING WITH D010823, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE 
     SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 23, 
     2018.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF CYNTHIA A. HOPKINS, TO BE COLONEL.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF MICHAEL J. LOOMIS, TO BE COLONEL.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF LATONIA M. MAHNKE, TO BE COLONEL.
       ARMY NOMINATION OF JUSTIN A. EVISON, TO BE LIEUTENANT 
     COLONEL.


                              IN THE NAVY

       NAVY NOMINATION OF TRAVIS A. MONTPLAISIR, TO BE COMMANDER.
       NAVY NOMINATION OF ARIANA P. BENSUSAN, TO BE LIEUTENANT 
     COMMANDER.
       NAVY NOMINATION OF BRUCE S. KIMBRELL, JR., TO BE LIEUTENANT 
     COMMANDER.
       NAVY NOMINATION OF SAMANTHA C. DUGAN, TO BE LIEUTENANT 
     COMMANDER.
       NAVY NOMINATION OF BRIAN L. LEES, TO BE LIEUTENANT 
     COMMANDER.
       NAVY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH KORY A. ANGLESEY AND ENDING 
     WITH BENJAMIN C. WAITE, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY 
     THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 
     18, 2018.
       NAVY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH DAVID W. ALEXANDER AND 
     ENDING WITH HAROLD B. WOODRUFF, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JULY 18, 2018.
       NAVY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH JONATHAN D. ALBANO AND 
     ENDING WITH JAMES P. ZAKAR, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED 
     BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON 
     JULY 18, 2018.
       NAVY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH JANE J. ABANES AND ENDING 
     WITH MICHELLE L. WESTCOTT, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY 
     THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 
     18, 2018.
       NAVY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH MATTHEW S. BAILEY AND 
     ENDING WITH ADAM B. YOST, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY 
     THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 
     18, 2018.
       NAVY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH LYNDA S. AMELL AND ENDING 
     WITH CHADWICK Y. YASUDA, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY 
     THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 
     18, 2018.
       NAVY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH LALEH ABDOLAZADEH AND 
     ENDING WITH CHRISTOPHER L. YOUNG, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE 
     RECEIVED BY THE SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL 
     RECORD ON JULY 18, 2018.
       NAVY NOMINATIONS BEGINNING WITH LISA L. ABELS AND ENDING 
     WITH JERRY YUAN, WHICH NOMINATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE 
     SENATE AND APPEARED IN THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ON JULY 18, 
     2018.
       NAVY NOMINATION OF JAVIER LOPEZMARTINEZ, TO BE COMMANDER.