[Congressional Bills 117th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 5762 Introduced in House (IH)]
<DOC>
117th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. R. 5762
To establish a National Domestic Violence Prevention Action Plan to
expand, intensify, and coordinate domestic violence prevention efforts
among Federal, State, local, and Tribal government agencies and with
other relevant stakeholders, and for other purposes.
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
October 27, 2021
Ms. Wexton (for herself, Mr. Joyce of Ohio, Mr. Cleaver, Mr. Vargas,
Mr. Green of Texas, Ms. Manning, Ms. Dean, Mrs. Hayes, Ms. Clarke of
New York, Ms. Adams, and Mr. Mfume) introduced the following bill;
which was referred to the Committee on Education and Labor
_______________________________________________________________________
A BILL
To establish a National Domestic Violence Prevention Action Plan to
expand, intensify, and coordinate domestic violence prevention efforts
among Federal, State, local, and Tribal government agencies and with
other relevant stakeholders, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``National Domestic Violence
Prevention Action Plan Act of 2021''.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
Congress finds the following:
(1) Domestic violence is a serious public health problem
and more than 10 million individuals experience domestic
violence in the United States each year.
(2) According to the National Intimate Partner and Sexual
Violence Survey in the United States--
(A) more than 1 in 4 women and nearly 1 in 10 men
will experience contact sexual violence, physical
violence, or stalking by an intimate partner and
experience an intimate partner violence related impact
in their lifetime; and
(B) approximately 1 in 4 women and 1 in 7 men
experience severe physical violence by an intimate
partner in their lifetime.
(3) More than half of female homicides are connected to
intimate partner violence and in a domestic violence situation
the presence of a gun increases the risk of homicide by 500
percent.
(4) While domestic violence can affect anyone, research
indicates that communities of color, individuals with
disabilities, LGBTQ+ individuals, and other marginalized
communities can be disproportionately impacted.
(5) Domestic violence leads to the loss of nearly 8 million
days of work each year the lifetime economic burden on victims
is $3.6 trillion, in which the government pays approximately
$1.3 trillion (37 percent) of the burden.
(6) The United Nations has urged countries to adopt
national action plans to combat gender-based violence and
violence against women, including domestic violence, and
approximately 50 countries, including Canada, the United
Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Spain, and Ireland, have adopted
such plans.
(7) The United States does not have a national plan of
action on domestic violence or gender-based violence, making it
a global outlier.
(8) While the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) enacted in
1984 and the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act
(FVPSA) enacted in 1995 are the United States landmark pieces
of domestic violence legislation and have many of the hallmarks
of a national action plan on domestic violence prevention, from
the public health and the enforcement perspectives,
respectively, the United States does not have a whole-of-
government, goal-oriented, community-informed, forward-looking
national plan of action for domestic violence prevention.
(9) In 1995, the Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) was
created within the Department of Justice (DOJ) to administer
grants authorized under VAWA and offer financial and technical
assistance to communities across the United States that are
working to develop and maintain programs, policies, and
practices geared towards responding to domestic violence,
dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking.
(10) In 2002, OVW was codified through Title IV of the 21st
Century Department of Justice Appropriations Act (Public Law
107-273).
(11) The FVPSA is the primary Federal resource dedicated to
the provision of domestic violence shelters, supportive
services, and related programming for victims of domestic/
dating violence and their dependents.
(12) The FVPSA Program administers State and Territorial
Formula Grants, Native American Tribes Formula Grants, State
and Territory Domestic Violence Coalitions Grants,
Discretionary Grants, Specialized Services to Abused Parents
and their Children, Training and Technical Assistance Resource
Centers Grants, and the National Domestic Violence Hotline
Grant. The FVPSA authorizes 4 major activities that:
(A) Assist States and Tribes in efforts to prevent
domestic violence and dating violence.
(B) Provide immediate shelter and supportive
services for victims of domestic violence and their
dependents.
(C) Provide for a National Domestic Violence
Hotline.
(D) Provide for technical assistance and training
relating to domestic violence and domestic violence
programs to States, Tribes, public agencies, community-
based programs and the public.
(13) Since 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) has awarded DELTA funding to State Domestic
Violence Coalitions (SDVCs) to coordinate specific prevention
activities.
(14) Overall approximately 18 States have received DELTA
funding at some point since the programs creation. However,
only nine States currently benefit from this funding.
(15) According to the CDC, DELTA focuses on implementing
three strategies with the goal of addressing and decreasing
community and societal level risk, identifying factors in
communities that may lead to intimate partner violence and
increasing protective factors that prevent it by--
(A) engaging influential adults and peers;
(B) creating protective environments; and
(C) strengthening economic supports for families.
(16) In 1993, the FVPSA established 4 national training and
technical assistance resource centers to support, train, and
assist domestic violence shelters, community-based
organizations, victim advocates, and other professionals in the
provision of safe housing and supportive services to domestic
violence survivors and their dependents. These resource centers
include the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence
(NRCDV), the Health Resource Center on Domestic Violence, the
Resource Center on Domestic Violence: Child Protection and
Custody, and the Battered Women's Justice Project (BWJP). In
later years, additional resource centers were established to
focus on culturally specific populations, Tribes and sovereign
nations, American Indian/Alaska Natives, children exposed to
domestic violence, mental and behavioral health services,
housing, LGBTQ services, and other critical service
intersections to meet the needs of survivors. With respect to
these resource centers:
(A) The purpose of these resource centers, known
collectively as the Domestic Violence Resource Network
(DVRN), is to engage in individual and collective
strategic action to advance public policy,
institutional change, community responses, and
prevention initiatives that integrate and respond to
the diverse realities and needs of survivors, their
families, and their communities.
(B) The individual advocacy efforts of DVRN members
are informed by the wide range of expertise within the
network and strengthened by opportunities for critical
thinking and robust discussion of cross-cutting policy
and practice issues.
(C) In 2021, the FVPSA provides funding for two
national resource centers, four special issue resource
centers, three culturally specific resource centers,
five emerging issue resource centers, one statewide
Alaska Native resource center, and the National
Domestic Violence Hotline and StrongHearts Native
Helpline.
(D) The National Indian Women's Resource Center
(NIWRC) is dedicated to restoring sovereignty to Native
nations and safeguarding Native survivors and families
from domestic, sexual, and intersecting violence.
(E) The NRCDV believes that domestic violence is
preventable. NRCDV builds the capacity of individuals,
organizations, systems, and communities to strengthen
and transform their efforts to end domestic violence
through comprehensive technical assistance, training,
resource development, and research.
(F) The Special Issue Resource Centers are national
in scope and enhance domestic violence and dating
violence intervention and prevention efforts in:
(i) Criminal and civil justice systems.
(ii) Child protective services and child
custody.
(iii) Health care systems.
(iv) Mental health systems.
(G) The Culturally Specific Special Issue Resource
Centers enhance intervention and prevention efforts for
victims of domestic violence for members of racial and
ethnic minority groups, including: African American,
Asian American/Pacific Islander, and Latino/Latina.
(H) FVPSA's emerging issue resource centers expand
the capacity of domestic violence organizations, Tribes
and Tribal organizations, and other professionals to
provide evidence informed promising practices, policy
changes, resources, and research to ensure effective
services to victims of domestic violence and their
dependents at the intersections of housing, gender
identity and sexual orientation, organizational
capacity building, and children's exposure to trauma.
(I) The statewide Alaska Native Women's Resource
Center strengthens local Tribal governments' responses
through community organizing efforts to advocate for
the safety of women and children in their communities
and homes through the voices, languages, and teachings
of Tribes at statewide, national, and international
levels for life-saving changes needed in laws,
policies, and social norms.
(J) The national hotlines are vital services
designed to provide healthy relationship education,
tools, and support to help survivors of domestic
violence live their lives free of abuse-- 24 hours a
day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, including a
helpline for American Indians and Alaska Natives,
offering culturally appropriate support and advocacy.
(17) Many Federal agencies respond to domestic violence by
providing formula-based and discretionary grants to local,
State, and Tribal governments, courts, nonprofits
organizations, community-based organizations, schools,
institutions of higher education, special-issue resource
centers and State and Tribal coalitions for the purpose of
supporting victims and holding perpetrators accountable for
their actions associated with domestic violence. These Federal
agencies include the following:
(A) The Department of Defense administers the
congressionally mandated Family Advocacy Program (FAP)
which is devoted to providing clinical assessment,
supportive services, and treatment in response to
domestic violence, as well as reporting domestic abuse
in military families annually to Congress.
(B) The Department of State supports numerous
programs that address domestic violence globally
through its human rights and humanitarian activities,
including those housed in the Office of Global Women's
Issues that supports anti-gender-based violence (GBV)
programs and promotes awareness.
(C) Through their agency-wide efforts to address
gender inequality and gender-based violence, the U.S.
Agency for International Development (USAID) supports
programs that aim to prevent and respond to domestic
violence globally through its work in development,
global health, and humanitarian assistance.
(D) The Indian Country Crimes Unit (ICCU) at the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is responsible
for developing and implementing strategies, programs,
and policies to address identified crimes problems in
Indian country, including but not limited to,
initiatives related to domestic violence and sex
offenses, program management, and support for the Safe
Trails Task Force.
(E) The Office of Justice Services at the Bureau of
Indian Affairs (BIA-OJS), the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), and Tribal governments share
jurisdiction in handling crimes, including domestic
violence, on Tribal lands.
(F) The FBI collects data on victim-offender
relationships, including through the National-Incident
Based Reporting System.
(G) The Department of Education administers the
Student Support and Academic Enrichment Grant program,
authorized under Title IV-A of the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act, which provides formula grants
to State educational agencies and local educational
agencies that may be used to support violence
prevention programs and activities.
(H) The Higher Education Act (HEA) requires
institutions of higher education (IHE) to include in
their annual security report (ASR) a statement of
policy regarding the IHE's programs to prevent domestic
violence, dating violence, and other related crimes,
and procedures that the IHE will follow once an
incident of domestic or dating violence has been
reported.
(I) The Department of Housing and Urban Development
(HUD), in conjunction with the Department of Health and
Human Services (HHS) and the Department of Justice
(DOJ), funds housing programs for individuals and
families who are fleeing or attempting to flee their
home due to domestic violence, sexual assault, or
stalking, as well as oversees the Domestic Violence
Housing Technical Assistance Consortium through the
Safe Housing Partnership that provides technical
assistance to community providers on housing and
domestic violence.
(J) U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
(USCIS) at the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
accepts applications and assist survivors of domestic
violence in becoming lawful permanent residents through
VAWA self-petitions.
(18) Survivors of domestic violence are affected by the
programs of all Federal agencies, even if those agencies have
not currently put into place specific programs to support
survivors.
(19) Responses to domestic violence have focused, to date,
primarily on intervention after the problem has already been
identified and harm has occurred. However, there are prevention
strategies and prevention approaches from the public health
field that can serve as models for further development of
domestic violence prevention, such as a public health campaign
that identifies and addresses the underlying causes of the
issues.
(20) Domestic violence prevention should be addressed along
a continuum of possible harm:
(A) Primary prevention to reduce the incidence of
domestic violence before it occurs.
(B) Secondary prevention to decrease the prevalence
of domestic violence after early signs of such
violence.
(C) Tertiary prevention to intervene once domestic
violence is already clearly evident and causing harm.
(21) Early evaluations of existing prevention programs show
promise, but results are still preliminary and programs remain
small, locally based, and scattered throughout the United
States.
(22) The United States needs a broadly based, comprehensive
prevention strategy that is supported by sound research and
evaluation, receives adequate public backing, and is based on a
policy of zero tolerance for domestic violence.
SEC. 3. NATIONAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PREVENTION ACTION PLAN STEERING
COMMITTEE.
(a) Establishment.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall
establish a national domestic violence prevention action plan steering
committee (referred to in this Act as the ``Steering Committee'').
(b) Duties.--The Steering Committee shall--
(1) create the ``National Domestic Violence Prevention
Action Plan'' (referred to in this Act as the ``Action Plan'')
to expand, intensify, and coordinate domestic violence
prevention efforts among Federal, State, local, and Tribal
government agencies and with other relevant stakeholders to
ensure a whole-of-government, goal-oriented, community-
informed, forward-looking approach in addressing domestic
violence prevention pursuant to section 4;
(2) develop methods and recommendations of programs needed
to effectively implement the Action Plan;
(3) establish goals for implementation of the Action Plan
and evaluation methods for ensuring that such goals are met;
(4) identify resources needed from Congress necessary to
implement the Action Plan;
(5) coordinate stakeholders pursuant to subsection (d);
(6) as necessary, develop a program of activities pursuant
to section 4(c); and
(7) develop a national media campaign pursuant to section
4(d), to be included in the Action Plan, to promote a whole-of-
government, goal-oriented, community-informed, forward-looking
approach toward domestic violence prevention in the United
States.
(c) Chair; Composition.--
(1) Chair.--The Steering Committee shall be chaired by the
Secretary of Health and Human Services. The Chair of the
Steering Committee--
(A) shall convene and preside over any meeting of
the Steering Committee;
(B) shall set the meeting agenda for the Steering
Committee;
(C) shall coordinate the Steering Committee's work;
(D) may appoint subject matter experts, including
experts from nongovernmental organizations, as
determined necessary to carry out the duties of the
Steering Committee; and
(E) may as appropriate to deal with particular
subject matters, establish subcommittees of the
Steering Committee.
(2) Composition.--The Steering Committee shall be composed
of the following individuals or a designee made by such
individual:
(A) The Attorney General.
(B) The Assistant Secretary for Planning and
Evaluation at the Department of Health and Human
Services.
(C) The Director of the Office on Women's Health at
the Department of Health and Human Services.
(D) The Administrator of the Office on Violence
Against Women at the Department of Justice.
(E) The Administrator of the Division of Violence
Prevention at the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention.
(F) The Administrator of the Division of Injury
Prevention at the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention.
(G) The Administrator of the Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention at the Department of
Justice.
(H) The Administrator of the Office of Victim of
Crimes at the Department of Justice.
(I) The Secretary of Education at the Department of
Education.
(J) The Deputy Bureau Director for Justice Service
at the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the Department
of Interior.
(K) Any other subject matter experts, including
experts from nongovernmental organizations, the Chair
determines necessary to carry out the duties of the
Steering Committee.
(d) Coordination of Stakeholders.--In creating the Action Plan, the
Steering Committee shall identify and collaborate with government and
non-government stakeholders to create the Action Plan. Stakeholders
shall include those who may be affected by the Action Plan, including
Federal, State, local, Tribal government officials, public health
agencies, health care providers, early childhood and child care
providers, domestic violence advocacy groups, faith-based
organizations, educational agencies, military branches, community-based
and culturally specific child, and family serving organizations.
(e) Existing Authorities and Responsibilities.--The duties of the
Steering Committee shall not be construed to diminish, supersede, or
replace any other responsibility, authority, or role of any member of
the Steering Committee.
SEC. 4. NATIONAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PREVENTION ACTION PLAN.
(a) Creation of Action Plan.--The Steering Committee shall create
the Action Plan, setting forth a comprehensive plan to expand,
intensify, and coordinate domestic violence prevention efforts among
Federal, State, local, and Tribal government agencies and with other
relevant stakeholders to ensure a whole-of-government, goal-oriented,
community-informed, forward-looking approach in addressing domestic
violence prevention in the United States.
(b) Content of Action Plan.--The Action Plan shall include:
(1) A mission statement detailing the desired outcome and
goals of major objectives of the Action Plan.
(2) A list of objectives to:
(A) Expand, intensify, and coordinate domestic
violence prevention efforts among Federal, State,
local, and Tribal government agencies and with other
relevant stakeholders to ensure a whole-of-government,
goal-oriented, community-informed, forward-looking
approach in addressing domestic violence prevention in
the United States.
(B) Intensify domestic violence prevention efforts
by addressing the continuum of possible harm, including
encouraging recognition of the following:
(I) Primary prevention to reduce the
incidence of domestic violence before it
occurs.
(ii) Secondary prevention to decrease the
prevalence of domestic violence after early
signs of such violence.
(iii) Tertiary prevention to intervene once
domestic violence is already clearly evident
and causing harm.
(C) Encourage the implementation of existing
domestic violence prevention efforts throughout
Federal, State, local, and Tribal government agencies,
as well as public health agencies, health care
providers, early childhood and child care providers,
domestic violence advocacy groups, faith-based
organizations, educational agencies, military branches,
and community-based and culturally specific child and
family serving organizations.
(D) Improve the methods of evaluation for domestic
violence prevention through targeted data collection
and analysis of such data.
(E) Increase research opportunities to enhance the
effectiveness and long-term benefits of domestic
violence prevention programs and efforts.
(F) Enhance public awareness of domestic violence
prevention programs by establishing a national media
awareness campaign focused primarily on education and
prevention.
(3) A description of the current prevalence and severity of
any and all forms of domestic violence in the United States.
(4) A description of the current prevalence of domestic
violence prevention programs in the United States.
(5) A description of other statistical data and information
as the Steering Committee considers appropriate to demonstrate
and assess trends relating to any and all forms of domestic
violence and domestic violence prevention, and the
implementation of the Action Plan.
(6) Comprehensive, research-based, long-term, quantifiable
goals for expanding, intensifying, and coordinating domestic
violence prevention efforts among Federal, State, local, and
Tribal government agencies and with other relevant stakeholders
to ensure a whole-of-government, goal-oriented, community-
informed, forward-looking approach in addressing domestic
violence prevention in the United States.
(7) Five-year projections and recommendations for Federal
funding needed to achieve the objectives of the Action Plan.
(8) Clear descriptions of the role of the Steering
Committee and the role of each member of the Steering Committee
in facilitating the development and fulfilling the objectives
of the Action Plan.
(9) A review of international, Federal, State, local,
Tribal, and private sector domestic violence prevention
programs and activities to ensure that the United States
pursues coordinated and effective domestic violence prevention
programs and activities at all levels of government.
(10) A description of how each objective under paragraph
(2) was determined, including the following:
(A) A description of each required consultation
pursuant to Section 3(d) and a description of how such
consultation was incorporated.
(B) Provision of data, research, or other
information used to inform the determination to
establish each goal.
(11) A description of how each objective under paragraph
(2) will be achieved, including for each goal the following:
(A) A list of relevant professional groups, such as
public health leaders, health care providers, early
childhood and child care providers, domestic violence
service providers and prevention specialists, faith-
based leaders, educators, leaders of the Armed Forces,
and community-based and culturally specific child and
family serving organizations, and related programs,
activities, that each group operates.
(B) A list of relevant Federal, State, local, and
Tribal programs and activities with respect to domestic
violence prevention.
(C) A list of the role that programs and activities
identified in subparagraphs (A) and (B) have in meeting
the objectives under paragraph (2).
(D) An estimate of Federal funding and other
resources needed to achieve each objective.
(E) A list of each existing or needed coordination
between government and nongovernment stakeholders for
each objective.
(F) A description of the Steering Committee's role
in facilitating the achievement of each objective.
(12) A list identifying existing data sources, and a
description of data collection needed to evaluate the
effectiveness of domestic violence prevention efforts,
including a description of how the Steering Committee will
obtain such data.
(13) A list of any anticipated challenges to achieving the
goals of the Action Plan and planned actions to address such
challenges.
(14) Identification of methods to implement the Action
Plan.
(15) Recommendations on research, programs, activities, and
resources necessary to achieve the goals of the Action Plan.
(c) Program of Activities.--As necessary, the Steering Committee
may include in the Action Plan a coherent, comprehensive, and sustained
program of activities that includes actions to expand, intensify, and
coordinate domestic violence prevention efforts among Federal, State,
local, and Tribal government agencies and all States and Tribal
communities to ensure a whole-of-government, goal-oriented, community-
informed, forward-looking approach in addressing domestic violence
prevention in the United States. Such programs may--
(1) embrace a human rights-based approach that acknowledges
that domestic violence is a violation of human rights and
accounts for the disparate impact of domestic violence on
marginalized communities;
(2) address prevention of any and all forms of domestic
violence, including all violence that happens across the life
course, including violence in public and private spheres,
violence in the workplace, including within the Armed Forces of
the United States, and violence in other contexts;
(3) address the root causes, prevalence, and impact of any
and all forms of domestic violence, including social and
cultural norms and other associated factors;
(4) tailor strategies to address factors, including but not
limited to, race, color, religion, national or social origin,
marital status, housing status, sexual orientation, HIV/AIDS
status, migrant or refugee status, age, disability, or any
other relevant characteristics and any of these in combination
that contribute to higher rates of any and all forms of
domestic violence;
(5) identify gaps in any and all existing domestic violence
prevention programs with the goal of addressing the gaps in
future work;
(6) support government and non-government organizations and
community networks to drive activity at the State and local
level and ensure coordinated action across all States and
localities;
(7) support independent research on emerging issues that
impact any and all forms of domestic violence;
(8) collect, analyze, and communicate comprehensive
qualitative and quantitative data, disaggregated by sex, race,
age, ethnicity, and other relevant characteristics, on the
nature, prevalence, and impact of any and all forms of domestic
violence;
(9) increase the number and quality of professional
relationships involved in the prevention of any and all forms
of domestic violence; and
(10) support broader efforts to ensure gender equality and
engage people of all genders and sexualities in combating any
and all forms of domestic violence.
(d) Media Campaign.--
(1) In general.--The Steering Committee shall include in
the action plan a media campaign to facilitate and direct an
ongoing and meaningful engagement with the public with respect
to domestic violence prevention.
(2) Purpose.--The purpose of the media campaign shall be
to:
(A) Educate the public on prevention of any and all
forms of domestic violence.
(B) Engage with the public on bystander empowerment
and education.
(C) Teach safe and healthy relationship skills
through social-emotional learning.
(D) Create protective environments through improved
school climate, workplace climate, community climate,
as well as Federal, State, local, and Tribal policies.
(E) Disrupt the developmental pathways towards
domestic violence through parenting and family
relationship programs, treatment for at-risk children,
faith-based programs, and other culturally specific
programming.
(F) Combat the stigmas associated with any and all
forms of domestic violence.
(3) Content of media campaign.--The media campaign shall
include:
(A) The development of national, local, regional,
or population specific messaging, including messaging
specific to professional groups, such as public health
leaders, health care providers, early childhood and
child care providers, domestic violence providers,
faith-based leaders, educators, military leaders, and
community-based and culturally specific child and
family serving organizations.
(B) The development of social media campaigns to
reach targeted populations.
(C) The development of a website to publicize and
disseminate information.
(D) The development of informational and
educational pamphlets and brochures.
(E) The development of webinars to educate and
provide support.
(e) Reporting.--Not later than the first Monday in October two
years after the date of enactment, and biannually thereafter, the
Steering Committee shall submit to Congress in written form the Action
Plan and as applicable any updates of the implementation of the Action
Plan.
SEC. 5. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
There is authorized to be appropriated $25 million for each of the
fiscal years 2021 through 2025 to the Department of Health and Human
Services, of which--
(1) $20 million, each fiscal year, to carry out this Act;
and
(2) $5 million, each fiscal year, for administrative
services, facilities, staff, and other support services
necessary to complete the duties of the Steering Committee.
SEC. 6. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) Domestic violence.--The term ``domestic violence''
includes felony or misdemeanor crimes of violence committed by
a current or former spouse or intimate partner of the victim,
by a person with whom the victim shares a child in common, by a
person who is cohabitation with or has cohabitated with the
victim as a spouse or intimate partner, by a person similarly
situated to a spouse of the victim under the domestic or family
violence laws of the jurisdiction receiving grant monies, or by
any other person against an adult or youth victim who is
protected from that person's acts under the domestic or family
violence laws of the jurisdiction.
(2) State.--The term ``State'' means each of the several
States and the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, and the
Northern Mariana Islands.
<all>