[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 2599 Introduced in Senate (IS)]
<DOC>
118th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 2599
To impose surcharges on private jet travel and certain first class and
business tickets, and for other purposes.
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
July 27, 2023
Mr. Whitehouse (for himself, Mr. Markey, and Mr. Welch) introduced the
following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on
Environment and Public Works
_______________________________________________________________________
A BILL
To impose surcharges on private jet travel and certain first class and
business tickets, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Assessing International Requirements
to Fuel Aviation's Impact Reduction Act of 2023'' or the ``AIR FAIR Act
of 2023''.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
Congress finds that--
(1) aviation accounts for 3 percent of the total greenhouse
gas emissions of the United States;
(2) aviation is 1 of the fastest growing sources of
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions;
(3) greenhouse gas emissions resulting from aviation are
projected to triple by 2050;
(4) flying first class has been estimated to have up to 7
times the carbon footprint of flying in economy class;
(5) flying first class on a single domestic round-trip
flight can generate more greenhouse gas emissions than the
average greenhouse gas emissions from a year of driving;
(6) private jets are, on average--
(A) 10 times more carbon intensive than commercial
airliners; and
(B) 50 times more carbon intensive than trains;
(7) operators of private jets benefit from public airport
infrastructure, but fail to pay their fair share for the
maintenance, upkeep, and administration of that infrastructure;
and
(8) airports are a large source of air pollution and
contribute to poor air quality in the neighborhoods surrounding
the airports, leading to worse health outcomes for those who
live in those neighborhoods.
SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.
(a) In General.--In this Act:
(1) Administrator.--The term ``Administrator'' means the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
(2) Calculated greenhouse gas emissions.--The term
``calculated greenhouse gas emissions'', with respect to
aviation fuel, means the aggregate net lifecycle greenhouse gas
emissions of the fuel or mix of fuels consumed by a flight
where all fuels, except the consumed fuels that are sustainable
aviation fuels, are considered to have the net lifecycle
greenhouse gas emissions of traditional jet fuel.
(3) Estimated flight time.--
(A) In general.--The term ``estimated flight
time'', with respect to a flight that has not yet
terminated, means the period that the operator of the
flight reasonably anticipates will be the real flight
time.
(B) Exclusion.--The term ``estimated flight time''
does not include any period during which the aircraft
used for the flight is anticipated to spend taxiing to
a gate, standing at a gate, or otherwise remaining
grounded.
(4) Greenhouse gas.--The term ``greenhouse gas'' has the
meaning given the term in section 137(d) of the Clean Air Act
(42 U.S.C. 7437(d)).
(5) Net lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.--The term ``net
lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions'', with respect to aviation
fuel, means the net quantity of greenhouse gas emissions
related to the full fuel lifecycle, where the mass values for
those greenhouse gas emissions are adjusted to account for the
relative global warming potential of each greenhouse gas, as
determined by the Administrator in accordance with the most
recent Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International
Aviation that has been adopted by the International Civil
Aviation Organization with the agreement of the United States.
(6) Qualifying flight.--
(A) In general.--The term ``qualifying flight''
means a flight that--
(i) originates from, terminates in, or both
originates from and terminates in the United
States;
(ii) is made using an aircraft--
(I) equipped with 1 or more jet
engines; and
(II) with a maximum takeoff weight
of not less than 12,500 pounds; and
(iii) is not operated as a regularly
scheduled flight by a passenger common carrier
subject to part 121 of title 14, Code of
Federal Regulations (or successor regulations).
(B) Exclusions.--The term ``qualifying flight''
does not include a flight described in subparagraph
(A)--
(i) in which the aircraft carrying out the
flight is--
(I) a Federal, State, Tribal, or
local government-owned aircraft
conducting government business; or
(II) a military aircraft;
(ii) that is flown for medical reasons; or
(iii) that is flown exclusively for the
purpose of carrying cargo.
(7) Qualifying ticket.--
(A) In general.--The term ``qualifying ticket''
means a ticket for a first class or business class
seat--
(i) on a flight that--
(I) originates from, terminates in,
or both originates from and terminates
in the United States;
(II) is operated as a regularly
scheduled flight by a passenger common
carrier subject to part 121 of title
14, Code of Federal Regulations (or
successor regulations); and
(III) is not made using an aircraft
that relies exclusively on a hydrogen
fuel cell or batteries for the
propulsion of the aircraft; and
(ii)(I) with respect to a flight with 2 or
3 classes of service, in the highest class of
service; and
(II) with respect to a flight with 4 or
more classes of service, in either of the 2
highest classes of service.
(B) Inclusion.--The term ``qualifying ticket''
includes a ticket for a seat, regardless of class of
service, capable of reclining at an angle of greater
than 45 degrees, including a seat capable of lying
fully flat.
(C) Treatment of multiple flight segments.--If only
1 ticket is provided for travel the itinerary of which
includes 2 or more flight segments, the ticket shall be
treated as a separate qualifying ticket for each
separate takeoff and landing for a flight described in
subparagraph (A)(i) in a seat described in
subparagraphs (A)(ii) and (B) (as applicable).
(8) Real flight time.--
(A) In general.--The term ``real flight time'',
with respect to a flight, means the period between the
time of takeoff and the time of landing.
(B) Exclusion.--The term ``real flight time'' does
not include any period during which the aircraft used
for the flight taxies to a gate, stands at a gate, or
is otherwise grounded.
(9) Sustainable aviation fuel.--
(A) In general.--The term ``sustainable aviation
fuel'' means any neat fuel that achieves a reduction in
average net lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as
compared to traditional jet fuel, of at least 50
percent.
(B) Exclusion.--The term ``sustainable aviation
fuel'' does not include any fuel that is made from
feedstock that includes palm oil, palm fatty acid
distillate, petroleum, or plastic.
(b) Consumption of Fuel.--
(1) In general.--For purposes of this Act, fuel may be
considered consumed if the fuel has been delivered directly to
an aircraft or to a public use airport fueling system,
including pipelines to a public use airport if there is no
prospect of the fuel being diverted or removed from that
airport fueling system before the point of use by an aircraft.
(2) Assignment.--For purposes of assigning the consumption
of fuels to flights for the assessment of a surcharge under
this Act, an operator of a flight may enter into a binding,
exclusive agreement to transfer the assignment of fuel that is
consumed if the agreement meets such standards of transparency
and environmental integrity as determined appropriate by the
Administrator.
SEC. 4. SURCHARGE ON PRIVATE JET TRAVEL.
(a) Reporting Requirement.--
(1) In general.--Beginning on January 1, 2024, the operator
of each qualifying flight shall submit to the Administrator,
with respect to the qualifying flight, information on--
(A) the aircraft used;
(B) the flight path, including real flight time and
total distance traveled;
(C) the total quantity of fuels consumed; and
(D) the type or types of fuels consumed.
(2) Requirement.--The information required under paragraph
(1) shall be submitted to the Administrator not later than 24
hours after the time at which the qualifying flight lands.
(3) Publication.--The Administrator shall make the
information reported under paragraph (1) publicly available
online not later than 90 days after receiving the information.
(b) Surcharge.--
(1) Domestic flights.--
(A) In general.--Beginning on January 1, 2024, not
later than 7 days after the termination of a qualifying
flight that both originates from and terminates in the
United States, the Administrator shall assess on the
operator of the qualifying flight a surcharge with
respect to that qualifying flight in an amount
determined in accordance with subparagraph (B).
(B) Amount of surcharge.--
(i) In general.--The amount of a surcharge
assessed under subparagraph (A) with respect to
a qualifying flight that both originates from
and terminates in the United States shall be
the product obtained by multiplying--
(I) the calculated greenhouse gas
emissions of the fuel or mix of fuels
consumed by the qualifying flight, as
expressed in tons of carbon dioxide-
equivalent emissions per unit volume of
fuel and determined by the
Administrator;
(II) the total quantity of fuels
consumed; and
(III) subject to clause (ii), $190.
(ii) Adjustment.--Beginning in calendar
year 2025, the Administrator shall annually
adjust the amount described in clause (i)(III)
by the percentage that is equal to the sum
obtained by adding--
(I) the rate of inflation, as
determined by the Administrator using
the changes for the 12-month period
ending the preceding November 30 in the
Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers published by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics of the Department of
Labor; and
(II) 10 percentage points.
(2) International flights.--
(A) In general.--Beginning on January 1, 2024, not
later than 7 days after the termination of a qualifying
flight that either originates from or terminates in the
United States, the Administrator shall assess on the
operator of the qualifying flight a surcharge with
respect to that qualifying flight in an amount
determined in accordance with subparagraph (B).
(B) Amount of surcharge.--
(i) In general.--Subject to clause (ii),
the amount of a surcharge assessed under
subparagraph (A) shall be--
(I) for a qualifying flight with a
real flight time of not more than 2
hours, $1,500;
(II) for a qualifying flight with a
real flight time of more than 2 hours
but not more than 6 hours, $4,500;
(III) for a qualifying flight with
a real flight time of more than 6 hours
but not more than 10 hours, $7,500; and
(IV) for a qualifying flight with a
real flight time of more than 10 hours,
$10,000.
(ii) Adjustments.--
(I) Inflation.--Beginning in
calendar year 2025, the Administrator
shall annually adjust the amounts
described in clause (i) by the
percentage that is equal to the sum
obtained by adding--
(aa) the rate of inflation,
as determined by the
Administrator using the changes
for the 12-month period ending
the preceding November 30 in
the Consumer Price Index for
All Urban Consumers published
by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics of the Department of
Labor; and
(bb) 10 percentage points.
(II) Additional adjustments.--After
adjustments under subclause (I) the
amount of the surcharge assessed under
subparagraph (A) shall be additionally
adjusted as follows:
(aa) If the qualifying
flight is made using an
aircraft with a maximum takeoff
weight of more than 40,000
pounds, the amount of the
surcharge shall be doubled.
(bb) If the qualifying
flight consumes sustainable
aviation fuel, the amount of
the surcharge shall be reduced
by a percentage equal to the
percentage reduction in the
calculated greenhouse gas
emissions achieved by the fuel
or mix of fuels consumed by the
qualifying flight, as compared
to traditional jet fuel.
(3) Deadline.--A surcharge assessed under this subsection
shall be due and payable to the Administrator not later than
the date that is 30 days after the date on which the surcharge
was assessed.
(4) Penalty.--If an operator fails to pay a surcharge
assessed under this subsection by the date described in
paragraph (3)--
(A) the Administrator shall inform the
Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration of
the failure of the operator to pay the surcharge; and
(B) the Administrator of the Federal Aviation
Administration shall prohibit the operator from
operating within navigable airspace (as defined in
section 40102(a) of title 49, United States Code) until
the Administrator informs the Administrator of the
Federal Aviation Administration that all outstanding
surcharges assessed under this section have been paid.
SEC. 5. SURCHARGE ON FIRST AND BUSINESS CLASS TICKETS.
(a) In General.--Beginning on January 1, 2024, the Administrator,
in coordination with the Secretary of the Treasury, shall ensure that
each operator selling a qualifying ticket assesses, at the time of
purchase, a surcharge on each qualifying ticket in an amount determined
under subsection (b), which amount shall be remitted to the
Administrator.
(b) Amount of Surcharge.--
(1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), the amount of a
surcharge assessed under subsection (a) shall be--
(A) with respect to a qualifying ticket on a flight
with an estimated flight time of not more than 2 hours,
$75;
(B) with respect to a qualifying ticket on a flight
with an estimated flight time of more than 2 hours but
not more than 6 hours, $200; and
(C) with respect to a qualifying ticket on a flight
with an estimated flight time of more than 6 hours,
$600.
(2) Adjustments.--
(A) Inflation.--Beginning in calendar year 2025,
the Administrator shall annually adjust the amounts
described in paragraph (1) by the percentage that is
equal to the sum obtained by adding--
(i) the rate of inflation, as determined by
the Administrator using the changes for the 12-
month period ending the preceding November 30
in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers published by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics of the Department of Labor; and
(ii) 10 percentage points.
(B) Additional adjustments.--After adjustments
under subparagraph (A) the amount of a surcharge on a
qualifying ticket assessed under subsection (a) shall
be additionally adjusted as follows:
(i) If the operator of the flight for which
the qualifying ticket is being purchased
reasonably anticipates that the flight will be
made using an aircraft that is in the top 10
percent of aircraft in the United States (for
narrow-body aircraft or wide-body aircraft, as
applicable) for fuel efficiency, as measured
using the certification procedures in Volume
III of Annex 16 to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, the amount of the
surcharge shall be reduced by 25 percent.
(ii) If the operator of the flight for
which the qualifying ticket is being purchased
reasonably anticipates that the flight will
consume sustainable aviation fuel, the amount
of the surcharge shall be reduced by a
percentage equal to the percentage reduction in
the calculated greenhouse gas emissions
achieved by the fuel or mix of fuels
anticipated to be consumed, as compared to
traditional jet fuel.
(iii) If the operator of the flight for
which the qualifying ticket is being purchased
surrendered offset certificates to the
Administrator pursuant to subsection (c) in the
previous calendar year, the amount of the
surcharge shall be reduced by the percentage
determined under paragraphs (3) and (4) of that
subsection.
(c) Direct Air Capture.--
(1) In general.--For purposes of determining the offset
credit described in subsection (b)(2)(B)(iii), an operator of
flights for which qualifying tickets are sold may surrender to
the Administrator certificates for greenhouse gas emissions
captured directly from the ambient air and disposed of in
secure geological storage in exchange for an offset credit in
accordance with this subsection.
(2) Offset certificates.--The Administrator shall issue to
an operator of a flight for which qualifying tickets are sold
certificates for the total quantity of greenhouse gas
emissions, expressed in tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent, that
are captured directly from the ambient air and disposed of in
secure geological storage (in compliance with the regulations
required under section 45Q(f)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code
of 1986) by facilities that--
(A) are owned by the operator; or
(B) have entered into a binding, exclusive
agreement with the operator to capture and dispose of
in secure geological storage a specified quantity of
greenhouse gas emissions.
(3) Amount of offset credit.--For purposes of subsection
(b)(2)(B)(iii), the total amount of the offset credit for any
year shall be equal to the percentage obtained by dividing--
(A) the quantity of certificates described in
paragraph (1) surrendered to the Administrator by the
operator during the previous calendar year; by
(B) the total net lifecycle greenhouse gas
emissions for the fuel or mix of fuels consumed by all
of the flights operated by the operator in the previous
calendar year as regularly scheduled flights subject to
part 121 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (or
successor regulations).
(4) Limitation.--
(A) Calendar years 2025 through 2049.--The quantity
determined under paragraph (3) may not exceed--
(i) for calendar year 2025, the percentage
determined under paragraph (3) shall not exceed
50 percent; and
(ii) for each of calendar years 2026
through 2049, the percentage determined under
paragraph (3) shall not exceed a maximum
percentage that is 2 percentage points lower
than the maximum percentage for the previous
calendar year.
(B) Calendar year 2050 and thereafter.--Beginning
in calendar year 2050, and in each calendar year
thereafter, no certificates under this subsection may
be surrendered to the Administrator for purposes of
determining the amount of the adjustment under
subsection (b)(2)(B)(iii).
(5) Expiration of certificates.--A certificate issued by
the Administrator under this subsection shall expire 1 year
after the date of issuance.
(6) Additionality.--By not later than January 1, 2024, the
Administrator shall promulgate regulations to ensure that any
certificates issued under this subsection are for greenhouse
gas emissions that--
(A) are captured directly from the ambient air and
disposed of in secure geological storage; and
(B) would not have otherwise been captured directly
from the ambient air and disposed of in secure
geological storage but for the offset credit described
in subsection (b)(2)(B)(iii).
(d) Reconciliation of Payments Due.--
(1) Definition of actual surcharge amount.--In this
subsection, the term ``actual surcharge amount'', with respect
to a flight for which a surcharge under subsection (a) was
assessed for 1 or more qualifying tickets, means the product
obtained by multiplying--
(A) the actual quantity of qualifying tickets sold
for the flight; and
(B) the amount of the surcharge for a qualifying
ticket for that flight, as determined in accordance
with this section using--
(i) the estimated flight time for the
flight;
(ii) the actual model of the aircraft used
for the flight; and
(iii) the calculated lifecycle greenhouse
gas emissions of the fuel or mix of fuels
consumed during the flight.
(2) Determination.--After the termination of a flight for
which a surcharge under subsection (a) was assessed on 1 or
more qualifying tickets, the operator of the flight shall
determine the actual surcharge amount for the flight.
(3) Reporting and remittance.--If the actual surcharge
amount for a flight differs from the total of the surcharges
assessed for all qualifying tickets for that flight, the
operator of the flight shall--
(A) not later than 7 days after the termination of
the flight, submit to the Administrator a report
containing an itemized statement describing the
discrepancy; and
(B) if the actual surcharge amount for the flight
is greater than the total of the surcharges assessed
for all qualifying tickets for that flight, remit to
the Administrator, not later than 30 days after the
date on which the operator submits to the Administrator
the report required under subparagraph (A), an amount
equal to the difference between--
(i) the actual surcharge amount for the
flight; and
(ii) the total of the surcharges assessed
for all qualifying tickets for the flight.
SEC. 6. INVESTING IN DECARBONIZATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE.
(a) Administration of Surcharges.--For fiscal year 2026 and each
fiscal year thereafter, there are appropriated, out of any funds in the
Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the Environmental Protection
Agency an amount equal to 2 percent of the amounts collected pursuant
to surcharges assessed under sections 4(b) and 5 during the previous
calendar year to support the administration of the reporting program
under section 4(a) and the assessment of surcharges under sections 4(b)
and 5.
(b) Clean Airports Program.--
(1) Definitions.--In this subsection:
(A) Air pollutant.--The term ``air pollutant''
means any air pollutant that is listed pursuant to
section 108(a) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7408(a))
and any precursor to such an air pollutant.
(B) Zero-emission airport equipment or
technology.--The term ``zero-emission airport equipment
or technology'' means human-equipment or human-
maintained technology at an airport that produces zero
emissions of any air pollutant and any greenhouse gas.
(2) Establishment.--For fiscal year 2026 and each fiscal
year thereafter, there are appropriated, out of any funds in
the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the Environmental
Protection Agency an amount equal to 25 percent of the amounts
collected pursuant to surcharges assessed under sections 4(b)
and 5 during the previous calendar year to award rebates and
grants to eligible recipients on a competitive basis--
(A) to purchase or install zero-emission airport
equipment or technology for use at 1 or more airports;
(B) to finance airport infrastructure improvement
projects that would reduce the emission of air
pollutants and greenhouse gases related to the
operations of the airport; and
(C) to conduct any relevant planning or permitting
in connection with the purchase or installation of
zero-emission airport equipment or technology.
(3) Eligible entities.--An entity eligible to receive an
award under the program established under paragraph (2) is--
(A) a State (including the District of Columbia and
territories of the United States), regional, local, or
Tribal agency that has jurisdiction over an airport;
(B) an airport authority; and
(C) a private entity that--
(i) applies for an award under this
subsection in partnership with an entity
described in subparagraph (A) or (B); and
(ii) owns, operates, or uses airport
equipment or technology.
(4) Selection.--
(A) Application.--An eligible entity seeking an
award under the program established under paragraph (2)
shall submit to the Administrator an application at
such time, in such manner, and containing such
information as the Administrator may require.
(B) Priority.--In selecting the recipients of
awards under the program established under paragraph
(2), the Administrator shall give priority to projects
that would--
(i) maximize the reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions;
(ii) maximize the public health benefits
from the reduction of air pollutants;
(iii) maximize public health and
environmental benefits from every dollar spent
under the program; and
(iv) alleviate air pollution in poor air
quality areas, including--
(I) areas identified by the
Administrator as in nonattainment or
maintenance of national ambient air
quality standards promulgated under
section 109 of the Clean Air Act (42
U.S.C. 7409) for criteria air
pollutants; and
(II) other areas that receive a
disproportionate quantity of air
pollution, as determined by the
Administrator.
(c) Determining the Effects of Aviation on Air Quality and the
Environment.--
(1) Establishment.--For fiscal year 2026 and each fiscal
year thereafter, there are appropriated, out of any funds in
the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the Environmental
Protection Agency an amount equal to 3 percent of the amounts
collected pursuant to surcharges assessed under sections 4(b)
and 5 during the previous calendar year--
(A) to conduct a study to determine strategies for
reducing the impact of the aviation industry on air
quality and the environment; and
(B) to promulgate regulations to mitigate the
impacts described in subparagraph (A).
(2) Study.--
(A) In general.--Not later than January 1, 2030,
and not later than January 1 every 5 years thereafter,
the Administrator shall carry out, and make a report
publicly available describing the results of, a study
to determine strategies for reducing the impact of the
aviation industry on air quality and the environment.
(B) Considerations.--The study required under
subparagraph (A) shall include consideration of--
(i) the technological requirements for
achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions
across the aviation sector by 2050;
(ii) the impacts of the production of
biofuels on land use and on other sectors
competing for the use of agricultural land; and
(iii) the disproportionate impact of
pollution from the aviation industry on the
communities surrounding airports and along
high-traffic air corridors.
(3) Regulations.--Not later than 3 years after the date on
which the Administrator completes a study under paragraph (2),
the Administrator shall--
(A) promulgate regulations to implement appropriate
measures to mitigate, to the greatest extent achievable
considering the results of the study carried out under
paragraph (2)(A), any adverse impacts on air quality or
the environment from the aviation industry; or
(B) make a determination that no regulations
described in subparagraph (A) are necessary.
(d) Ensuring Solvency of the Highway Trust Fund.--For fiscal year
2026 and each fiscal year thereafter, there are appropriated, out of
any funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the Highway
Trust Fund an amount equal to 15 percent of the amounts collected
pursuant to surcharges assessed under sections 4(b) and 5 during the
previous calendar year.
(e) Environmental and Climate Justice Block Grants.--For fiscal
year 2026 and each fiscal year thereafter, there are appropriated, out
of any funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the
Environmental Protection Agency an amount equal to 15 percent of the
amounts collected pursuant to surcharges assessed under sections 4(b)
and 5 during the previous calendar year to make environmental and
climate justice block grants in accordance with section 138 of the
Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7438).
(f) Expanding the Bioenergy Technologies Office.--For fiscal year
2026 and each fiscal year thereafter, there are appropriated, out of
any funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the Department
of Energy an amount equal to 30 percent of the amounts collected
pursuant to surcharges assessed under sections 4(b) and 5 during the
previous calendar year to support the research, development, and
demonstration of sustainable aviation fuel and underlying technologies
at the Bioenergy Technologies Office.
(g) Supporting FAA Airport Infrastructure Grants.--For fiscal year
2026 and each fiscal year thereafter, there are appropriated, out of
any funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the Federal
Aviation Administration an amount equal to 5 percent of the amounts
collected pursuant to surcharges assessed under sections 4(b) and 5
during the previous calendar year to carry out the program described
under the heading ``airport infrastructure grants'' under the heading
``Federal Aviation Administration'' in title VIII of division J of the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Public Law 117-58; 135 Stat.
1416).
(h) Supporting the FAA Ascent Program.--For fiscal year 2026 and
each fiscal year thereafter, there are appropriated, out of any funds
in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the Federal Aviation
Administration an amount equal to 5 percent of the amounts collected
pursuant to surcharges assessed under sections 4(b) and 5 during the
previous calendar year to operate the Center of Excellence for
Alternative Jet Fuels and Environment.
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