[Congressional Bills 119th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. Res. 281 Introduced in Senate (IS)]
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119th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. RES. 281
Commemorating the 95th anniversary of the enactment of the Tariff Act
of 1930.
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
June 17, 2025
Ms. Cantwell (for herself, Mrs. Shaheen, and Mr. Welch) submitted the
following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Finance
_______________________________________________________________________
RESOLUTION
Commemorating the 95th anniversary of the enactment of the Tariff Act
of 1930.
Whereas, on June 17, 1930, President Hoover signed into law the Tariff Act of
1930 (commonly known as the ``Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930'');
Whereas the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 raised tariffs on goods imported
into the United States in an attempt to protect farmers and
manufacturers in the United States from foreign competition;
Whereas the Senate Historical Office has characterized the passage of the Smoot-
Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 as ``among the most catastrophic acts in
congressional history'';
Whereas the sudden and steep increase in tariffs encouraged retaliation by
foreign countries, including major trading partners such as Canada and
countries in Europe, which responded by raising their own tariffs on
goods imported from the United States, triggering a dramatic reduction
in international trade;
Whereas the resulting retaliatory tariffs contributed to a substantial decline
in farm and manufacturing exports from the United States, which
plummeted from $5,240,000,000 in 1929 to $1,670,000,000 in 1933, a 68
percent drop, according to records kept by the Bureau of the Census;
Whereas the tariffs contributed to anti-United States sentiment in foreign
countries, leading to consumer boycotts in Canada, France, Spain, Italy,
and other countries;
Whereas the effects of the tariffs and counter-tariffs contributed to the Great
Depression, during which global trade decreased by as much as 60
percent;
Whereas the effects of the tariffs were amplified by deflation, causing the
gross domestic product of the United States to fall from
$104,600,000,000 in 1929 to $57,000,000,000 in 1933, according to the
Bureau of Economic Analysis;
Whereas the unemployment rate spiked from 3.2 percent in 1929 to a peak of
approximately 23 percent in 1932, before decreasing slightly to 21
percent in 1933, according to the Journal of Economic Perspectives of
the American Economic Association;
Whereas, after the tariffs were imposed, the trade surplus of the United States
declined because exports fell more than imports;
Whereas, in 1934 Congress directed the President to reduce tariff rates applied
by the United States and to seek reductions in tariffs applied to
exports from the United States through the Act entitled ``An Act to
amend the Tariff Act of 1930'', enacted June 12, 1934 (73 Stat. 943,
chapter 474) (commonly known as the ``Reciprocal Tariff Act''), and
later Acts that provided the President with trade negotiating objectives
and tariff proclamation authority;
Whereas tariffs were decreased in the United States and abroad, falling in the
United States from a trade-weighted average of 19.8 percent in 1933 to
6.9 percent by 1950, and continuing to fall afterwards as a result of
multilateral trade agreements; and
Whereas the United States has since benefitted substantially from an open and
rules-based international trading system that promotes innovation and
growth, lowers input costs for goods manufactured in the United States,
reduces consumer prices, supports supply chain resiliency, and enables
the United States to maintain an export market valued at more than
$3,000,000,000,000; Now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That the Senate--
(1) observes the 95th anniversary of the enactment of the
Tariff Act of 1930 (commonly known as the ``Smoot-Hawley Tariff
Act of 1930'') as a moment of historical reflection on the
consequences of protectionist economic policies;
(2) views the Tariff Act of 1930 as a significant
contributor to the Great Depression;
(3) affirms the importance of rules-based trade policy that
reduces production costs for farmers, manufacturers, and
construction firms in the United States, strengthens
international economic cooperation, helps provide consumers in
the United States with a larger variety of affordable goods,
and opens up vast foreign markets to exports from the United
States; and
(4) commits to encouraging trade and economic policies that
encourage economic growth and avoid the repetition of historic
policy mistakes.
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