H.R.1698 - Iran Ballistic Missiles and International Sanctions Enforcement Act115th Congress (2017-2018)
Bill
Hide Overview| Sponsor: | Rep. Royce, Edward R. [R-CA-39] (Introduced 03/23/2017) |
|---|---|
| Committees: | House - Foreign Affairs; Financial Services; Judiciary; Ways and Means; Oversight and Government Reform | Senate - Foreign Relations |
| Committee Meetings: | 10/12/17 9:30AM |
| Latest Action: | Senate - 10/30/2017 Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. (All Actions) |
| Roll Call Votes: | There has been 1 roll call vote |
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This bill has the status Passed House
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- Introduced
- Passed House
Subject — Policy Area:
- International Affairs
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Referred in Senate (10/30/2017)
[Congressional Bills 115th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 1698 Referred in Senate (RFS)]
<DOC>
115th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. R. 1698
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
October 30, 2017
Received; read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations
_______________________________________________________________________
AN ACT
To expand sanctions against Iran with respect to the ballistic missile
program of Iran, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Iran Ballistic Missiles and
International Sanctions Enforcement Act''.
SEC. 2. SANCTIONS RELATING TO EFFORTS BY THE GOVERNMENT OF IRAN WITH
RESPECT TO BALLISTIC MISSILE-RELATED GOODS, SERVICES, AND
TECHNOLOGIES.
(a) Findings.--Congress finds the following:
(1) United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231
(2015)--
(A) calls upon Iran ``not to undertake any activity
related to ballistic missiles designed to be capable of
delivering nuclear weapons, including launches using
such ballistic missile technology''; and
(B) requires member states to ``take the necessary
measures to prevent, except as decided otherwise by the
UN Security Council in advance on a case-by-case basis,
the supply, sale, or transfer of arms or related
materiel from Iran''.
(2) The United States maintains bilateral sanctions against
Iran for its efforts to manufacture, acquire, possess, develop,
transport, transfer or use ballistic missiles or ballistic
missile launch technology, and its acquisition of destabilizing
types and amounts of conventional weapons.
(3) According to the 2016 Worldwide Threat Assessment, the
United States intelligence community judges ``that Tehran would
choose ballistic missiles as its preferred method of delivering
nuclear weapons, if it builds them. Iran's ballistic missiles
are inherently capable of delivering [weapons of mass
destruction], and Tehran already has the largest inventory of
ballistic missiles in the Middle East. Iran's progress on space
launch vehicles--along with its desire to deter the United
States and its allies--provides Tehran with the means and
motivation to develop longer-range missiles, including
ICBMs.''.
(4) Since the passage of United Nations Security Council
2231, Iran has conducted numerous tests of ballistic missiles
designed to be capable of delivering nuclear weapons, and has
acquired destabilizing types of conventional weapons.
(5) Iran has pursued the ability to indigenously produce
ballistic missile and cruise missile goods, services, and
technologies.
(b) Statement of Policy.--It is the policy of the United States to
prevent Iran from undertaking any activity related to ballistic
missiles designed to be capable of delivering nuclear weapons,
including launches using such ballistic missile technology.
(c) Report on Supply Chain of Iran's Ballistic Missile Program.--
(1) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
the enactment of this Act, the President shall submit to the
appropriate congressional committees a report that contains the
following:
(A) An analysis of the foreign supply chain and
domestic supply chain in Iran that directly or
indirectly significantly facilitates, supports, or
otherwise aids the Government of Iran's ballistic
missile program.
(B) A description of the geographic distribution of
the foreign and domestic supply chain described in
subparagraph (A).
(C) An assessment of the Government of Iran's
ability to indigenously manufacture or otherwise
produce the goods, services, or technology necessary to
support its ballistic missile program.
(D) An identification of foreign persons that have,
based on credible information, directly or indirectly
facilitated or supported the development of the
Government of Iran's ballistic missile program,
including the foreign and domestic supply chain
described in subparagraph (A).
(E) A determination with respect to each foreign
person identified under subparagraph (D) as to whether
the foreign person meets the criteria for designation
under--
(i) paragraph (1) of section 5(b) of the
Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-172;
50 U.S.C. 1701 note), as amended by this
section;
(ii) section 104 of the Countering
America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
(Public Law 115-44); or
(iii) Executive Order No. 13382 (2005).
(2) Form.--The report required under paragraph (1) shall be
submitted in unclassified form, but may contain a classified
annex.
(d) Sanctionable Activities With Respect to Weapons of Mass
Destruction.--Paragraph (1) of section 5(b) of the Iran Sanctions Act
of 1996 (Public Law 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note) is amended--
(1) in the heading, by striking ``Exports, transfers, and
transshipments'' and inserting ``Weapons of mass destruction;
ballistic missiles; conventional weapons'';
(2) by striking ``Except as'' and inserting the following:
``(A) Weapons of mass destruction.--Except as'';
(3) by striking ``(A) on or after the date of the enactment
of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of
2012'' and inserting the following:
``(i)(I) on or after the date of the
enactment of the Iran Ballistic Missiles and
International Sanctions Enforcement Act'';
(4) by striking ``(B) knew'' and inserting the following:
``(II) knew'';
(5) by striking ``(i) the export'' and inserting the
following:
``(aa) the export'';
(6) by striking ``would likely'' and inserting ``may'';
(7) by striking ``(ii) the export'' and inserting the
following:
``(bb) the export'';
(8) by striking ``(I) acquire'' and inserting the
following:
``(AA) acquire'';
(9) by striking ``; or'' at the end of subparagraph
(A)(ii)(II)(bb)(AA) (as so redesignated);
(10) by inserting after subparagraph (A)(ii)(II)(bb)(AA)
(as so redesignated) the following:
``(BB) acquire or develop
ballistic missiles or ballistic
missile launch technologies;
or'';
(11) by striking ``(II) acquire'' and inserting the
following:
``(CC) acquire'';
(12) by striking the period at the end of subparagraph
(A)(ii)(II)(bb)(CC) (as so redesignated) and inserting ``;
or''; and
(13) by adding at the end of subparagraph (A) the
following:
``(ii) knowingly exports or transfers, or
permits or otherwise facilitates the
transshipment or re-export of, goods, services,
technology, or other items to Iran that
materially supports Iran's efforts to--
``(I) acquire or develop ballistic
missiles or ballistic missile launch
technologies; or
``(II) acquire or develop
destabilizing numbers and types of
advanced conventional weapons (as such
term is defined in paragraphs (1) and
(2) of section 1608 of the Iran-Iraq
Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992).''.
(e) Sanctionable Activities With Respect to Ballistic Missiles.--
Paragraph (1) of section 5(b) of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public
Law 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), as amended by subsection (e), is
further amended by adding at the end the following:
``(B) Additional ballistic missile-related goods,
services, and technology.--
``(i) Additional authority.--The President
shall impose the sanctions described in
paragraph (8), (10), or (12) of section 6(a),
as the case may be, with respect to--
``(I) an agency or instrumentality
of the Government of Iran if the
President determines that the agency or
instrumentality, on or after the date
of the enactment of this subparagraph,
knowingly seeks to develop, procure, or
acquire goods, services, or technology
that materially supports efforts by the
Government of Iran with respect to
ballistic missile-related goods,
services, and technologies as described
in clause (iii);
``(II) a foreign person or an
agency or instrumentality of a foreign
state if the President determines that
the person or agency or instrumentality
knowingly, on or after the date of the
enactment of this paragraph, provides
significant material support to the
Government of Iran that supports
efforts by the Government of Iran with
respect to ballistic missile-related
goods, services, and technologies as
described in clause (iii); and
``(III) a foreign person that the
President determines knowingly engages
in a significant transaction or
transactions with, or provides
significant financial services for, a
foreign person or an agency or
instrumentality of a foreign state
described in subclause (I) or (II) with
respect to ballistic missile-related
goods, services, and technologies as
described in clause (iii).
``(ii) Determination and report on
ballistic missile tests.--
``(I) In general.--Not later than
30 days after the date on which the
President determines that the
Government of Iran has conducted a test
of a ballistic missile that fails to
comply with, violates, or is in
defiance of United Nations Security
Council Resolution 2231 (2015), the
President shall submit to the
appropriate congressional committees a
report that identifies each senior
official of the Government of Iran that
the President determines is responsible
for ordering, controlling, or otherwise
directing the missile test.
``(II) Matters to be included.--The
report required by subclause (I) should
include available information on the
ballistic missile or the generic class
of ballistic missile or space rocket
that was launched; the trajectory,
duration, range, and altitude of the
missile flight; the duration, range,
and altitude of the flight of each
stage of the missile; the location of
the launch point and impact point; the
payload; and other technical
information that is available.
``(III) Form.--The report required
by subclause (I) shall be submitted in
unclassified form, but may contain a
classified annex.
``(iii) Efforts by the government of iran
with respect to ballistic missile-related
goods, services, and technologies described.--
``(I) In general.--For purposes of
subclauses (I), (II), and (III) of
clause (i), and except as provided in
subclause (II) of this clause, efforts
by the Government of Iran with respect
to ballistic missile-related goods,
services, and technologies described in
this subsection are efforts by the
Government of Iran to manufacture,
acquire, possess, develop, transport,
transfer, test or use ballistic
missiles or associated goods, services,
or technology by the Government of
Iran, including efforts by the
Government of Iran to manufacture,
acquire, possess, develop, transport,
transfer, purchase--
``(aa) goods, services, or
technology listed on the
Missile Technology Control
Regime Equipment and Technology
Annex of October 8, 2015, and
subsequent revisions that have
been acquired outside of the
Procurement Working Group or
not otherwise approved by the
United Nations Security
Council; or
``(bb) goods, services, or
technology not described in the
matter preceding item (aa) or
item (aa) but which
nevertheless the President
determines would be, if such
goods, services, or technology
were United States goods,
services, or technology,
prohibited for export to Iran
because of their potential to
materially support the
development of ballistic
missile systems or ballistic
missile launch technologies.
``(II) Exception.--Subclause (I)
shall not apply with respect to efforts
by the Government of Iran with respect
to ballistic missile-related goods,
services, and technologies that have
been approved under paragraph 4 of
Annex B of United Nations Security
Council Resolution 2231 (2015).
``(iv) Procurement working group defined.--
In clause (iii)(I), the term `procurement
working group' means the Procurement Working
Group of the Joint Commission established under
Annex IV of the applicable provisions in Annex
A of United Nations Security Council Resolution
2231 (2015).
``(v) Additional report on ballistic
missile tests.--
``(I) In general.--Not later than
January 31 of each calendar year, the
President should submit to the
Committee on Foreign Affairs of the
House of Representatives and the
Committee on Foreign Relations of the
Senate a report that specifies the
number and generic class of ballistic
missiles and space rockets launched by
Iran during the preceding calendar year
and the dates of each missile launch
and the type of missile launched on
each relevant date. The report should
include definitions used for
classifying the generic classes of
missiles.
``(II) Form.--The report required
by subclause (I) shall be submitted in
unclassified form, but may contain a
classified annex.''.
(f) Sanctionable Activities With Respect to Conventional Weapons.--
Paragraph (1) of section 5(b) of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public
Law 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), as amended by subsections (e) and
(f), is further amended by adding at the end the following:
``(C) Conventional weapons.--The President shall
impose the sanctions described in paragraph (8) or (12)
of section 6(a), as the case may be, with respect to a
foreign person or an agency or instrumentality of a
foreign state if the President determines that the
person or agency or instrumentality knowingly, on or
after the date of the enactment of this paragraph,
imports, exports, or re-exports to, into, or from Iran,
whether directly or indirectly, any significant arms or
related materiel prohibited under paragraph (5) or (6)
of Annex B of United Nations Security Council
Resolution 2231 (2015).''.
(g) Exception and Definitions.--Paragraph (1) of section 5(b) of
the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701
note), as amended by subsections (e), (f), and (g), is further amended
by adding at the end the following:
``(D) Exception.--The President may not impose
sanctions under subparagraph (B) or (C) with respect to
a foreign person or a United States person if the
President determines that the person has exercised due
diligence in establishing and enforcing official
policies, procedures, and controls to ensure that the
person does not sell, supply, or transfer to or from
Iran materials the sale, supply, or transfer of which
would subject a person to the imposition of sanctions
under subparagraph (B) or (C), as the case may be, or
conduct or facilitate a financial transaction for such
a sale, supply, or transfer.
``(E) Definitions.--In subparagraphs (B) and (C) of
this paragraph:
``(i) Agency or instrumentality.--The term
`agency or instrumentality' has the meaning
given such term in section 1603(b) of title 28,
United States Code.
``(ii) Foreign state.--The term `foreign
state' has the meaning given such term in
section 1603(a) of title 28, United States
Code.
``(iii) Government of iran.--The term
`Government of Iran' has the meaning given such
term in section 560.304 of title 31, Code of
Federal Regulations, as such section was in
effect on January 1, 2016.
``(iv) Significant transaction or
transactions; significant financial services.--
The terms `significant transaction or
transactions' and `significant financial
services' shall be determined in accordance
with section 561.404 of title 31, Code of
Federal Regulations, as such section 561.404
was in effect on January 1, 2016.''.
(h) Sanctions Described.--Section 6(a) of the Iran Sanctions Act of
1996 (Public Law 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note) is amended--
(1) by striking paragraph (10) and inserting the following:
``(10) Inadmissibility to united states.--
``(A) In general.--The President may direct the
Secretary of State to deny a visa to, and the Secretary
of Homeland Security to exclude from the United States
and, if the individual has been issued a visa or other
documentation, revoke, in accordance with the
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.)
the visa or other documentation of any alien that--
``(i) is designated pursuant to
subparagraph (B) or (C) of section 5(b)(1); or
``(ii) the President determines is a
corporate officer or principal of, or a
shareholder with a controlling interest in, a
sanctioned person.
``(B) Exception to comply with united nations
headquarters agreement.--Sanctions under subparagraph
(A) shall not apply to an alien if admitting the alien
into the United States is necessary to permit the
United States to comply with the Agreement regarding
the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed at Lake
Success June 26, 1947, and entered into force November
21, 1947, between the United Nations and the United
States, or other applicable international
obligations.'';
(2) by redesignating paragraph (12) as paragraph (13); and
(3) by inserting after paragraph (11) the following:
``(12) Export sanction.--In the case of an agency or
instrumentality of a foreign state, no item on the United
States Munitions List or Commerce Munitions List may be
exported to that foreign state for a period of 2 years.''.
(i) Rule of Construction.--The sanctions that are required to be
imposed under this section and the amendments made by this section are
in addition to other similar or related sanctions that are required to
be imposed under any other provision of law.
(j) Implementation.--The President may exercise all authorities
provided under sections 203 and 205 of the International Emergency
Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702 and 1704) to carry out any
amendments made by this section.
(k) Implementation Plan.--Not later than 60 days after the date of
the enactment of this Act, the President shall transmit to the
appropriate congressional committees a plan to implement--
(1) paragraph (1) of section 5(b) of the Iran Sanctions Act
of 1996 (Public Law 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), as amended
by this section; and
(2) section 104 of the Countering America's Adversaries
Through Sanctions Act (Public Law 115-44).
(l) Effective Date.--
(1) In general.--The amendments made by this section
shall--
(A) take effect on the date of the enactment of
this Act; and
(B) apply with respect to an activity described in
subsection (b) of section 5 of the Iran Sanctions Act
of 1996, as amended by this section, that is commenced
on or after such date of enactment.
(2) Applicability to ongoing activities relating to certain
activities.--A person that, before the date of the enactment of
this Act, commenced an activity described in section 5(b) of
the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, as in effect on the day before
such date of enactment, and continues the activity on or after
such date of enactment, shall be subject to the provisions of
the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, as amended by this Act.
SEC. 3. REPORT ON SANCTIONABLE ACTIVITIES.
(a) In General.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the
enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter for a period not
to exceed 3 years, the President shall submit to the appropriate
congressional committees a report that contains the following
information:
(1) Any credible information regarding Iran's attempts to
develop, procure, or acquire goods, services, or technology
with respect to which sanctions may be imposed pursuant to
subparagraphs (B) and (C) of section 5(b)(1) of the Iran
Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701
note), as added by section 2 of this Act.
(2) Any credible information regarding Iran's acquisition
or attempted acquisition of significant arms and related
material in violation of paragraph 5 of Annex B of United
Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015).
(3) Any credible information regarding Iran's export or
attempted export of significant arms and related material in
violation of paragraph 6 of Annex B of United Nations Security
Council Resolution 2231 (2015).
(4) Any approval granted by the United Nations Security
Council for the export of significant arms and related material
identified under paragraphs 5 or 6 of Annex B of United Nations
Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015).
(5) Any credible information regarding violations of travel
restrictions described in paragraph 6 of Annex B of United
Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015).
(6) Any approval granted by the United Nations Security
Council for exemptions to the travel restrictions described in
paragraph 6 of Annex B of United Nations Security Council
Resolution 2231 (2015).
(b) Form.--The report required by subsection (a) shall be submitted
in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex.
SEC. 4. DETERMINATIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS FOR
THE SALE OR TRANSFER OF DESTABILIZING TYPES AND AMOUNTS
OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS TO THE GOVERNMENT OF IRAN.
(a) Notification of Sales and Transfers.--Not later than 90 days
after the date on which the President receives credible information
that destabilizing numbers and types of conventional weapons have been
sold or transferred to Iran, the President shall notify the appropriate
congressional committees of the sale or transfer.
(b) Determinations With Respect to Sanctions.--
(1) In general.--Not later than 120 days after the date on
which the President notifies the appropriate congressional
committees of a sale or transfer under subsection (a), the
President shall--
(A) determine whether such sale or transfer meets
the requirements to impose sanctions under each
provision of law specified in subsection (c); and
(B)(i) if the determination is that the sale or
transfer is subject to any such sanctions, the
President shall--
(I) make a determination whether to impose
or waive such sanctions with respect to such
sale or transfer; and
(II) submit that determination to the
appropriate congressional committees; or
(ii) if the determination is that the sale or
transfer is not subject to any such sanctions, the
President shall submit to the appropriate congressional
committees a detailed report on the determination and
the specific reasons for the determination.
(2) Form.--The determination in paragraph (1) shall be
provided in an unclassified form, and may contain a classified
annex.
(c) Provisions of Law Specified.--The provisions of law specified
in this subsection are the following:
(1) Section 5(b)(1) of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (50
U.S.C. 1701 note), as amended by section 2 of this Act.
(2) The Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992 (50
U.S.C. 1701 note).
(3) The Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act
(50 U.S.C. 1701 note).
(d) Definition.--In this section, the term ``destabilizing numbers
and types of advanced conventional weapons''--
(1) has the meaning given the terms ``advanced conventional
weapons'' and ``cruise missile'' as defined in paragraphs (1)
and (2), respectively, of section 1608 of the Iran-Iraq Arms
Non-Proliferation Act of 1992 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note); and
(2) includes the S-300 and S-400 missile defense systems
and air superiority fighters.
SEC. 5. DETERMINATION ON USE BY THE GOVERNMENT OF IRAN OF COMMERCIAL
PASSENGER AIRCRAFT AND RELATED SERVICES FOR ILLICIT
MILITARY OR OTHER ACTIVITIES.
(a) Determination.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the
enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter for 3 years, the
President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a
determination on use by the Government of Iran of commercial passenger
aircraft and related services for illicit military or other activities
on or after the date of the enactment of this Act.
(b) Elements of Determination.--The determination required under
subsection (a) shall include a description of the extent to which--
(1) commercial passenger aircraft in Iran are being used to
transport--
(A) arms or related materiel, including defense
articles, defense services, or technical data that are
controlled on the United States Munitions List
established under section 38 of the Arms Export Control
Act (22 U.S.C. 2778);
(B) any item that is, or would be, if located in
the United States, controlled by Export Control
Classification Number 600 series listed on the Commerce
Control List maintained under Supplement No. 1 to part
774 of the Export Administration Regulations;
(C) items used to facilitate the development or
production of a chemical or biological weapon or other
weapon of mass destruction and their means of delivery,
including ballistic missiles and cruise missiles; or
(D) any foreign person that facilitates the
transfer of any of the articles described in
subparagraphs (A) through (C);
(2) commercial passenger aircraft licensed by the Office of
Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury are
being used for activities described in paragraph (1); and
(3) foreign governments and persons have facilitated the
activities described in paragraph (1), including allowing the
use of airports, services, or other resources.
(c) Form of Determination.--The determination required under
subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include
a classified annex.
(d) Definitions.--In this section:
(1) Commercial passenger aircraft.--The term ``commercial
passenger aircraft'' includes--
(A) an aircraft of United States origin and that is
classified under Export Control Classification Number
(ECCN) 9A99l on the Commerce Control List maintained
under Supplement No. 1 to part 774 of the Export
Administration Regulations; or
(B) an aircraft not of United States origin of
which United States-controlled content constitutes 10
percent or more of the total value of the aircraft and
that is--
(i) classified under Export Control
Classification Number (ECCN) 9A99l on the
Commerce Control List maintained under
Supplement No. 1 to part 774 of the Export
Administration Regulations; and
(ii) is registered in a jurisdiction other
than the United States.
(2) Export administration regulations.--The term ``Export
Administration Regulations'' means subchapter C of chapter VII
of title 15, Code of Federal Regulations.
(3) Related services.--The term ``related services'', with
respect to a commercial passenger aircraft, includes--
(A) the export, re-export, sale, lease, or transfer
to Iran of spare parts and components; and
(B) warranty, maintenance, and repair services.
SEC. 6. REGULATORY AUTHORITY.
(a) In General.--The President shall, not later than 120 days after
the date of the enactment of this Act, promulgate regulations as
necessary for the implementation of this Act and the amendments made by
this Act.
(b) Notification to Congress.--Not less than 10 days before the
promulgation of regulations under subsection (a), the President shall
notify the appropriate congressional committees of the proposed
regulations and the provisions of this Act and the amendments made by
this Act that the regulations are implementing.
SEC. 7. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term
``appropriate congressional committees'' means--
(A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee
on Ways and Means, the Committee on Financial Services,
the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on
Oversight and Government Reform, and the Permanent
Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of
Representatives; and
(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the
Committee on Finance, the Committee on Banking,
Housing, and Urban Affairs, the Committee on
Appropriations, the Committee on Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs, and the Select Committee on
Intelligence of the Senate.
(2) Credible information.--The term ``credible
information'' has the meaning given such term in section 14 of
the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-172; 50 U.S.C.
1701 note).
(3) Government of iran.--The term ``Government of Iran''
has the meaning given such term in section 560.304 of title 31,
Code of Federal Regulations, as such section was in effect on
January 1, 2016.
Passed the House of Representatives October 26, 2017.
Attest:
KAREN L. HAAS,
Clerk.